Progressivism Political and Eco changes

1. Progressivism Political and Eco changes Unit 7.2

2. Democratic Reforms • Many of the reforms were to try to curb the power of the Political machines and give the more of a voice. • Direct Primary – people, not machines choose their party’s candidates. • Secret Ballots (Australian ballot) • 17th Amendment – direction of U.S. Senators instead of the state legislatures choosing them

3. More Direct Changes • Initiative – people can propose law (petition) • Referendum – people can vote on a law • Recall – people can vote to remove an elected official before term expires

4. Government Efficiency • The Progressive Era was a change in attitude where many started to believe government needed to get involved or try to “fix” society’s problems • City Manager – someone outside of elected office to deal with day-to-day issues • Sanitation, fire issues • Tom Johnson of Cleveland • Robert LaFollette and the Wisconsin Experiment • Progressive reforms as Governor and Senator

5. Tax Changes • Before 1900, main source of revenue for Federal Government was Tariffs (custom duties) • President Taft called for Tariff Reform, but most it came under President Wilson • Underwood Tariff lowered tariffs • 16th Amendment allowed for income tax • Originally proposed by Populist • What meant by a graduated income tax? Is that fair?

6. Trust-busting • Teddy Roosevelt got the reputation as the Trustbuster, but Taft actually broke apart many more. • Northern Securities Company (1902) breakup • Controlled by J.P. Morgan who does not like T.R. • Roosevelt was more of a Trust regulator than buster • Taft would go after 4 times as many, and Wilson even more • Louis Brandeis would support Wilson on the Supreme Court • Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) – built upon the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, but with more enforcement

7. Business Regulation • Elkins Act (1903) and Hepburn Act (1906) increased the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission over railroads. • Federal Trade Commission established in 1914 • Don’t forget Pure Food and Drug Act 1906, Meat Inspection Act 1906, and the Keating-Owen Act 1916 • Federal Reserve Act passed in 1913 created the Federal Reserve which is basically the _____.

8. Conservation and Controversy • Teddy Roosevelt set aside more land than any other President (until Clinton) • His advisors had different goals: • John Muir (founder of Sierra Club) – Preservation • Gifford Pinchot (US Forest Service) – Conservation • What’s the difference and who did T.R. side with?

9. Teddy 2nd Term • Square Deal • Roosevelt wanted to expand on Progressive measures • 1st President to arbitrate a labor dispute • Limited because of economic downturn in the Panic of 1907 • Had to ask JP Morgan for help (no B.U.S.) and agreed to not bust up his U.S. Steel company.

10. 1908 Election and Taft • Roosevelt had said he would not run again and regretted that promise later. He hand-picked Taft to succeed him. • Taft easily beat William Jennings Bryan in 1908 • Taft’s administration: • More trust-busting (even U.S. Steel) • Payne-Aldrich Tariff.Taft had promised to cut tariff, but then conservative Republicans in Congress raised taxes and Taft signed it. • Pinchot-Ballinger Controversy – popular Pinchot was fired after criticizing Sec. of Interior Richard Ballinger

11. Republican Split • The tariff issue and Pinchot-Ballinger split the Republicans into two groups: • Conservatives – supported Taft and business-minded • Progressives – hoped that TR would return to led them

12. More Radical Groups • Socialist Party • Led by Eugene Debs • Ran for President 5 times • Outspoken critic of business • IWW – International Workers of the World • “Wobblies” led by Bill Heywood • Fought for more labor rights • Why would these groups fade after 1920?

13. New Nationalism • Roosevelt returned with his New Nationalism plan in 1912 • Progressive wing liked it, but Conservatives thought it was too radical. • At the Republican Convention the party split. Taft became the nominee. • Roosevelt and the Progressive started the Progressive Party (Bull-Moose)

14. Election of 1912 • 4 Major Candidates • Rep – Taft • Dem – Woodrow Wilson • Pro – Roosevelt • Soc – Debs

15. Wilson Progressive Program • Federal Reserve established • Federal Trade Commission established • Tariff Reduction (Underwood Tariff) • Clayton Anti-Trust Act • Louis Brandeis nominated to Supreme Court In what way was Wilson not Progressive? What stopped the Progressive movement?

16. Reflection Questions • How did Theodore Roosevelt set the stage for the rest of the 1900s with government regulation of businesses? • How can you support the statement that the Progressive Party was the most influential party in US History? How could you say the Populist was? • In what ways did citizens get more of a say in the running of their government in the Progressive Era? • What are some of the lasting effects of the Progressive Era?

17. Links • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cp3Qt7s7z5E&feature=relmfu – Review video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZ4XcmC3iGo&feature=relmfu – Review video, presidents • http://www.wfsd.k12.ny.us/webquests/progressive2007_files/Page651.htm - Progressive Era Cartoons Webquest • http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/USCartoons/content/GAPECartoons.cfm - gilded and progressive age cartoons