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Vaccines

Vaccines. Stimulate immune response “safe” (non-pathogenic) 1st fish vaccine (Duff 1942) killed bacteria preparation of A. salmonicida 1st commercial vaccine- ERM (1976) 1994-15 licensed vaccines (USDA) for 5 diseases in US. Vaccines. Vaccines are a “proactive” approach

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Vaccines

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  1. Vaccines • Stimulate immune response • “safe” (non-pathogenic) • 1st fish vaccine (Duff 1942) • killed bacteria preparation of A. salmonicida • 1st commercial vaccine- ERM (1976) • 1994-15 licensed vaccines (USDA) for 5 diseases in US

  2. Vaccines • Vaccines are a “proactive” approach • Antibiotics are a “reactive” approach

  3. Advantages of Vaccines • Decrease disease impact • Fixed cost for disease prevention • Vaccinated fish often grow better than unvaccinated fish

  4. Disadvantages of Vaccines • Vaccine doesn’t eliminate disease organism • Vaccinated fish could become carriers of disease

  5. What Characterizes an Acceptable Vaccine? • Provide adequate protection under intensive rearing conditions • Provide long-term protection • Safe to animal and easily administered • Cost effective (production, licensing, use)

  6. Delivery Methods • Injection - • Atlantic Salmon industry • Immersion - protection, mass numbers of fish • Bacterin (killed bacteria preparation) • Oral - most desirable, poor protection (poor uptake and breakdown in gut) • Spray -

  7. Vaccine Preparation • Most are simple bacterins (early vaccines) • Grow up bacteria • Add formalin to kill • Dilute and use as immersion • Autogenous - vaccines made from specific isolates (on-site) • easier approval for use

  8. Adjuvants/Immunostimulants • Boost immune responses • Increases length of exposure/protection • Broadens effect of vaccine

  9. Types of Adjuvants • Glucans in feed - • LPS - bacterial cell wall fraction (endotoxin) • Oil bases adjuvants • Freunds complete adjuvant (FCA) • FIA- • Aluminum salts

  10. Management • Proper management must accompany any vaccination program • Effects on vaccine performance: • proper administration

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