I ntegrated M arine B iogeochemistry and E cosystem R esearch

1. IntegratedMarineBiogeochemistry andEcosystemResearch “…to provide a comprehensive understanding of, and accurate predictive capacity for, ocean responses to accelerating global change and the consequent effects on the Earth System and human society” Ken Drinkwater and Eileen Hoffman CLIVAR SSG Meeting 2-5 May, 2011 IOC/UNESCO, Paris

2. Presentation Outline • IMBER research focus • IMBER program structure • Some recent activities • IMBER science • CLIVAR-IMBER Collaboration

3. IMBER RESEARCH FOCUS investigate the sensitivity of marine biogeochemical cycles and ecosystems to global change, on time scales ranging from years to decades FOUR RESEARCH THEMES • Interactions between biogeochemical cycles and marine food webs • Sensitivity to global change • Feedbacks to the Earth System • Responses of society

4. IMBER Science Plan and Implementation Strategy SPIS (2005) Supplement to the SPIS (2010)  IMBER II - next five years www.IMBER.info/SPIS.html

5. SPONSORS Structure IPO IMBER Scientific Steering Committee (16 members) National contacts Regional Project Office Working Groups / Task Teams Regional Activities Contributing Projects Human Dimensions ICED SIBER CLIOTOP ESSAS Data Management EUR-OCEANS CARBOCHANGE Carbon Research Capacity Building Continental Margins IMBER Scientists

6. IMBER National Network (2011) IMBER Endorsed Projects (24) IMBER National Contacts

7. ESSAS SIBER CLIOTOP ICED Synthesis along Regional Programs IMBER Regional Programmes

8. Four IMBER Regional Programmes ESSAS: Ecosystem Studies of Sub-Arctic Seas To understand how climate change will affect the marine ecosystems of the Sub-Arctic Seas and their sustainability. Leaders: K. Drinkwater (Norway) and G. Hunt (US) CLIOTOP: CLimate Impacts on Oceanic TOp Predators To studyoceanic top predatorswithintheirecosystemsusing a worldwide comparative approach. Leaders: O. Maury (France) and A. Hobday (UK)

9. ICED: Integrating Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics in the Southern Ocean To better understand climate interactions in the Southern Ocean, the implications for ecosystem dynamics, the impacts on biogeochemical cycles, and the development of sustainable management procedures. Leader: E. Murphy (UK) SIBER: Sustained Indian Ocean Biogeochemical and Ecological Research Basin-wide program in the Indian Ocean focused on biogeochemical and ecological research, with existing and planned observing systems and expeditions providing the observational backbone. Leaders: Raleigh R. Hood (US) and S. Wajih A. Naqvi (India) Strong involvement with CLIVAR-IOP

10. Recent IMBER Activities ClimECO2 - Oceans, Marine Ecosystems, and Society facing Climate Change - A multidisciplinary approach Leader: Y-M. Paulet, IUEM, France An international Summer School co-organized by IMBER, IUEM, and Europôle Mer, 23-27 August 2010, Brest, France Objective: To provide participants with an overview of knowledge, methods, models and approaches for analyzing the impact of climate change on marine ecosystems and the consequences for society 75 students and scientists attend the summer school.

11. IMBIZO ll 125 Attendees Workshop 1:The effect of varyingelement ratios on community structure atlowtrophiclevels and foodqualityatmid and hightrophiclevels Workshop 2:Large-scaleregionalcomparisons of marine biogeochemistry and ecosystemprocesses - researchapproaches and results -Special Issue of J Mar Syst Workshop 3:Sensitivity of marine foodwebs and biogeochemical cycles to enhanced stratification -Special Issue Prog in Oceanogr A hands-on “Dry Cruise” workshop, based on the IMBER Data Management Cookbook was held priort to the IMBIO with 30 participants. http://www.imber.info/IMBIZO.html

12. IMBER Science Ocean Acidification Atmospheric carbon dioxide absorbed by the ocean has increased and this is shifting the pH of seawater to be more acid Lowered pH affects ocean organisms that have calcareous structures

13. IMBER Ocean Acidification Research • Joint IMBER/SOLAS Carbon Working Group on Ocean Acidification • Chair: Jean-Pierre Gattuso • Objectives •  Coordinate international research efforts •  Undertake synthesis activities at the international level • Establishment of an International Coordination Office is underway

14. IMBER Science Comparative Studies of Southern Ocean Food Webs Seasonal length Sub Antarctic Differences due to Circulation Sea-ice Biogeochemistry Light levels Seasonality High Antarctic Low Production High Production

15. Comparative Studies of Southern Ocean Food Webs • Differences in light, sea ice, day length • controls - CDW/Southern ACC boundary versus Southern ACC Front • advective influences - closed versus open system • self sustaining krill population versus non-local inputs of krill • high productivity - natural iron fertilization through different mechanisms • Support large populations of predators which depend on Antarctic krill Southern ACC Front Western Antarctic Peninsula and South Georgia Connectivity is through Antarctic krill transport

16. Alternative Food Web Pathways High krill Low krill Alternative pathways buffer change. but may not support long-term change Need better quantification of alternative pathways

17. ESSAS Temperature Effect on Snow Crabs ln(recruits # millions) ln(recruits index) n=24 p=0.006 n=21 p=0.020 CPUE (kg/trap) CPUE (kg/trap) n=32 p=0.107 n=35 p=0.001 Negative relationship; No effect of gadoids Temperature °C Temperature °C

18. Capelin Distribution August “traditional” Recent years August present condition Hjálmar Vilhjálmsson

19. Saturation state for seawater with respect to aragonite (Ωarg) in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the Labrador Sea Barrow Strait 0 -50 5 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 10 -100 Smith Sound -150 -200 -250 -300 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Baffin Bay Davis Strait S N 0 0 -500 -200 -1000 -400 -600 -1500 -800 -2000 -1000 -2500 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Hudson Strait 0 -50 -100 The Labrador Sea 0 -150 -100 -500 -200 -1000 -250 -1500 -200 -2000 -300 -2500 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 -300 -350 -3000 S N -3500 -400 100 0 50 -400 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 -500 (Kumiko Azetsu-Scott et al., 2010)

20. ESSAS Open Science Meeting • Seattle, May 22-26 • Comparative studies of climate effects on polar and sub-polar ocean ecosystems: progress in observations and predictions • Sessions on comparative studies, IPY, biogeochemistry, human dimensions, Bering Sea, modelling, gadoids and crusteans, ESSAS programs • Strong emphasis on physical forcing • ICES, PICES, IOC, etc. as co-sponsors

21. ICES/PICES AMO Workshop • June 6-10, 2011, Woods Hole, USA • Dealing with physics and biology • Aims to improve our understanding of the forcing mechanisms, the physical responses, biological responses, etc.

22. Thoughts on CLIVAR-IMBER Collaboration • Circulation – Large scale (i.e. MOC) and regional • NAO, PDO, ENSO, AMO, etc. • Vertical Stratification • Upwelling and changes in winds • CO2 fluxes and role of atmosphere and oceans • Climate Change – Regional Downscaling • Natural vs Anthropogenic Changes Need to match spatial and temporal scales. Biological feedbacks on the climate system.

23. To Stay Informed http://www.imber.info Contact the IPO to recieve the IMBER e-NEWS and Newsletter imber@univ-brest.fr