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Presented by: Noura Mansouri PhD Student Materials Department

Globelics 4th PhD School at Lisbon, May 2007. Carbon Management for Sustainable Development: An Examination of Potential Technological Transition Paths of the Saudi Arabian System of Innovation to a Cleaner Energy Economy. Presented by: Noura Mansouri PhD Student Materials Department

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Presented by: Noura Mansouri PhD Student Materials Department

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  1. Globelics 4th PhD School at Lisbon, May 2007 Carbon Management for Sustainable Development:An Examination of Potential Technological Transition Paths of the Saudi Arabian System of Innovation to a Cleaner Energy Economy • Presented by: Noura Mansouri • PhD Student • Materials Department • Unit for Strategic Studies in Nanotechnology • Technology Exploitation and Management Group • Queen Mary, University of London • United Kingdom

  2. Outline • Background:Climate Change and Sustainable Developmenta. Carbon emissions since the industrial erab. The greenhouse effect and global warminge. Sustainable development • Technology:Carbon Capture and Sequestrationa. CO2 captureb. CO2 transportc. CO2 sequestrationd. CCS system • Theories:Innovation and Transitiona. Systems of Innovationb. Transition • Methodology:Saudi Arabia as a Case Studya. Research methodsb. Illustrative Saudi National Systems of Innovationc. Carbon management in transition paths

  3. Research Questions • What might be the role of carbon management technologies in facilitating a transition in Saudi Arabia’s energy economy towards sustainability? • What might be the transition paths in implementing carbon management technologies onto Saudi Arabia’s energy sector and industries over time? • How might Saudi Arabia’s energy policies spur innovation in carbon management technologies?

  4. Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development Carbon Dioxide Emissions • Historical recorded carbon dioxide emissions since the industrial era

  5. Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development Greenhouse Gas Effect • Greenhouse effect and global warming

  6. Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development Climate Change • Environmental Linkages

  7. Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development Sustainable Development • Definition • “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” - Brutland Commission • Live responsibly • Balances the three keys of sustainable development: economy, environment and society.

  8. Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development Keys of Sustainable Development

  9. Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development Sustainable Development

  10. Technology: Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)CCS • Definition: • CCS is a process consisting of the separation of CO2 from industrial and energy-related sources, transport to a storage location and long-term isolation from the atmosphere. • The technology of CCS constitutes of three stages: Carbon CaptureCarbon TransportCarbon Sequestration/Storage • Capture of CO2 can be applied to large point sources. The CO2 would then be compressed and transported for storage in geological formations, in the ocean, in mineral carbonates , or for use in industrial processes.IPCC, 2005

  11. Technology: Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)Carbon Sequestration - Geological • Prospective areas in sedimentary basins where suitable saline formations, oil or gas fields, or coal beds may be found.

  12. Technology:Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)CCS System

  13. Technology:Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)CCS System • The net reduction of emissions to the atmosphere through CCS depends on the fraction of CO2 captured, the increased CO2 production resulting from loss in overall efficiency of power plants or industrial processes due to the additional energy required for capture, transport and storage, any leakage from transport and the fraction of CO2 retained in storage over the long term.

  14. Technology:Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)CCS System Technology Status

  15. Technology: Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)CCS System Global Locations Location of sites where activities relevant to CO2 storage are planned or under way.

  16. Technology: Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)Mineral Carbonation

  17. Theories: Innovation and TransitionsSystems of Innovation • National System of Innovation: • Freeman, Lundvall, Nelson, Edquist, Metcalfe etc. • Sectoral System of Innovation • Franco Malerba • Technological System of Innovation • Thomas Hughes, Bo Carlsson

  18. Theories: Innovation and TransitionsSystems of Innovation • Innovation System framework to be applied is an intersection:

  19. Theories: Innovation and TransitionsTransition • Technological Transition: • Multi-level Perspective (Kemp and Geels, 2004) • Socio-technical System (Geels, 2002, 2006)

  20. Theories: Innovation and TransitionsTransition Source: Geels, 2002

  21. Methodology: Case StudyWhy Saudi Arabia? • World’s largest oil reserves: • Benefit from the global carbon lock-in • Sustainable oil demands • Tackle the environmental concern by pursuing “cleaner” energy • Sustainable Development - should be the ultimate objective internationally • Retain a strong position in the global energy markets

  22. Methodology: Research MethodsData Collection • Primary Data: • Governmental reports • Existing literature and case studies • Secondary Data: • Saudi government authorities, companies, and academics • Semi-structured in-depth interviews • Email correspondence • Phone interviews

  23. KSA NSI Energy Sectoral SI Technological SI Markets KSA NSI Culture Science Policy Technology Oil Prices Oil Depletion Geopolitics Innovation Climate Change Policies Landscape Developments Macro level ? Cleaner Hydrocarbons Diminishing Returns to Innovation Degree of maturity and deployment of potential Hydrocarbons Socio-technical Regime Meso level Incremental Innovations CCS Fuel cell Wind Technological Niches Micro level Nuclear fusion Solar PV Early Optimization Radical Innovation Trajectory Defined Trajectory Disturbed Time Systematic application of innovation criteria KEY CCS: Carbon Capture and Sequestration KSA: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia NSI: National Systems of Innovation SI: Systems of Innovation PV: Photovoltaic

  24. KSA NSI Energy Sectoral SI Technological SI Markets KSA NSI Culture Science Policy Technology Methodology: Theory ApplicationAn Illustrative Technological Transition of the Saudi Arabian’s NSI to a Cleaner Energy Economy

  25. Methodology: Theory ApplicationAn Illustrative Technological Transition of the Saudi Arabian’s NSI to a Cleaner Energy Economy Diminishing Returns to Innovation Oil Prices Innovation Oil Depletion Geopolitics Climate Change Policies Landscape Developments Macro level ? Cleaner Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons Socio-technical Regime Meso level Incremental Innovations Technological Niches Micro level CCS Fuel cell Wind Nuclear fusion Solar PV Early Optimization Radical Innovation Trajectory Defined Trajectory Disturbed Time

  26. Actors and Linkages in the Saudi Arabian NSI (Source: Author, derived from OECD, 1999)

  27. Conclusion • Expected Theorertical Contributions • The merging of NSI + SSI + TSI in Transition Paths • Expected Practical Contributions • National System of Innovation in Saudi Arabia • CCS Technological System of Innovation • Saudi Energy Sectoral Innovation System • Transition Paths to Sustainability in Saudi Arabia

  28. Obrigada! • Thanks for your attention..

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