Chapter 16

1. Chapter 16 Making It: Supervision in the Community

2. Overview of the Post release Function • Community Supervision • Revocation • The Structure of Community Supervision • Agents of Community Supervision • The Community Supervision Bureaucracy • Residential Programs The Experience of Post release Life • The Strangeness of Reentry • Supervision and Surveillance • The Problem of Unmet Personal Needs • Barriers to Success • The Parolee as “Dangerous” • Post Release Supervision • How Effective it is? • What Are it’s Prospects

3. “conditions of release” • restrictions placed on parolees’ conduct that must be obeyed as a legally binding requirement of being released

4. “revocation” • the cancellation or rescission of parole, accompanied by the return of the offender to prison, for either: • the commission of a new crime; or • a technical violation (failing to comply with the conditions of parole) • revocations: • most revocations occur when parolee is arrested on a serious charge or cannot be located by the parole officer • total failure rates: from 25 to 50% • failure rate highest in 1st year after release

5. stages of revocation proceeding probable cause? return to prison? determination of probable cause to believe that violation has occurred is violation severe enough to warrant return to prison? or should offender remain on parole, possibly with new conditions? • notified of charges • informed of evidence • be heard • present witnesses • confront witnesses OR should offender remain on parole, possibly with new conditions?

6. how parole ends

7. factors affecting parole outcome parole officer parole Environment bureaucracy parolee

8. Personal Characteristics of Parolees

9. supervision process: 3 stages • Carl Klockars: the relationships among the parole officer, the parole bureaucracy, & the offender affect parole success. • relationships develop over 3 stages: • definition • officer & parolee define nature of their relationship, including rules, expectations, and styles of behavior • development • role of bureaucracy lessens as officer & parolee work through challenges • rapport • officer & parolee develop rapport, communication, mutual trust

10. factors affecting parole outcome parole officer parole environment bureaucracy parolee Note changes in positive(+) & negative(-) attachments between forces as we move through the 3 stages of the supervision process.

11. Stage 1: definition parole officer parole environment - bureaucracy parolee Officer has strongest attachment to bureaucracy, weak attachment to parolee. Parolee maintains little/no attachment to bureaucracy throughout!

12. stage 2: development parole officer parole environment - bureaucracy parolee Officer attachment to bureaucracy is replaced by stronger attachment to parolee.

13. stage 3: rapport parole officer parole environment - bureaucracy parolee Officer attachment to bureaucracy is replaced by strongest attachment to parolee.

14. dual role of parole officer social worker cop conflict • surveillance • search • enforcement • arrest • suspend parole • initiate revocation • find job • restore family ties • service referral • intermediary • advocate

15. parole officer role orientation(Daniel Glaser) emphasis on control emphasison assistance

16. factors limiting parole officers’ approaches to cases “organizational constraints” workload philosophy & policy of organization

17. “community correctional center” • a small group-living facility for offenders, especially those recently released from prison • programs often use renovated homes or small hotels • usually provide counseling & drug treatment • impose strict curfew restrictions

18. two types of “work release” • work release center • a type of community correctional center that allows offenders to work in the community during the day while residing in the center during non-work hours • originated in Wisconsin, 1913 • work furlough • offenders work and live at home during the week and return to the prison for the weekend

19. offender’s difficulties with post-release experience harsh realities strangeness of re-entry unfamiliar world friends? relationships? new decisions barriers to success close monitoring civil disabilities job impediments unmet personal needs money job education

20. civil disabilities • right to vote • 3/4 states return the right after some period • 10 states permanently disenfranchise felons • 1.4 million Afr.-Amer. men (13% ) cannot vote • = 1/3 of black men in Alabama, Florida • right to hold public office • 21 states return the right after discharge from all forms of custody • 19 permanently restrict the right • other rights variously restricted • jury service • holding position of public trust (e.g., most government jobs)

21. employment difficulties • especially problematic, because of • legal restrictions • public distrust of ex-convicts • unrealistic expectations of parolees • some prison-trained jobs are restricted • e.g., barber, beautician, nurse • occupations require ‘restricted’ licenses • jobs exclude people of ‘moral turpitude’ • available jobs are low-paying

22. solutions to civil disabilities? civil remedies expungementof criminal record a legal process that is supposed to result in removal of official record of conviction; in fact, records are kept. process is cumbersome & inadequate. pardon an act of clemency by executive branch of state or federal government excusing an offense & absolving offender from consequences of crime

23. three purposes of “pardon” • given only rarely, to: • remedy miscarriage of justice • remove stigma of conviction’ • mitigate a penalty

24. successful supervision structured approaches to case management rather than leaving supervision style to officers’ discretion key elements offer tangible services rather than mere surveillance • job training • money to find job, transportation • monitor progress • standardize intake interview • monitor classification • monitor case planning • evaluate officers

25. 4 steps to successful re-entry (Shadd Maruna) • get substance abuse under control • drug treatment, testing • get a job • money for bills • offers security • get community support system • church, organized athletics • get new sense of “who I am” • old “me” is gone; new person has taken over