1 / 26

Chapter 7: Introduction to the Region

Chapter 7: Introduction to the Region. Qur’an - the holy book of Islam. Chapter 7: Elements of Middle Eastern Music. Elaborate Melodies and Melismas Melismas - sung melodies with many notes to a syllable Improvisation Based on Basic Tones or Melodies Heterophony

hung
Download Presentation

Chapter 7: Introduction to the Region

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Chapter 7: Introduction to the Region • Qur’an - the holy book of Islam

  2. Chapter 7: Elements of Middle Eastern Music • Elaborate Melodies and Melismas • Melismas - sung melodies with many notes to a syllable • Improvisation Based on Basic Tones or Melodies • Heterophony • Rhythms Based on Beat Patterns • The Use of Quarter-Tones

  3. Chapter 7: Elements of Middle Eastern Music • Judaism • Jewish diaspora - the scattering of Jews from their ancestral homeland in Palestine • Islam • Islam is a religion founded by Muhammad (c. 570– 632), who, unlike Jesus to the Christians, was a prophet, not a deity.

  4. Chapter 7: Elements of Middle Eastern Music • Islam and Music • tension between the pious contemplation of the next world idealized by Islam and the celebration of life as found in Hafiz’s poetry • no such thing as Islamic religious music • music never found a patron in religious institutions in the Middle East as it did in Europe • at certain times and places under especially reactionary Islamic rule, non-religious music has been banned

  5. Chapter 7: Elements of Middle Eastern Music • Islam and Music • qira’ah or tilawah - chanting of Qur’an verses, one of the most revered forms of Islamic religious music • Adhan - call to prayer • mu’adhdhin - the singers of the adhan • Sufism is a mystical form of Islam that is more accepting of music in a religious context

  6. Chapter 7: The Instruments of the Region • ‘ud – a variety of plucked chordophones • tanbur - the long-necked variety of chordophones • kaman - European violin • zagharit - a ululation (high cry rapidly trilled with the tongue) • A distinctive folk practice associated with the women of North Africa • circular breathing - a difficult technique in which the player blows out while simultaneously breathing in through his nose in order to achieve an uninterrupted air stream

  7. Chapter 7: Arabic Music Theory • Tarab - transcendent emotional experience • Vocal music, therefore, from art music to folk music is paramount in Arabic musical culture. • Responsorial - alternating leader/group singing • Antiphonal - two alternating groups singing • Echoi – modes of Byzantine chant • Maqam – Arabic mode/melodic basis

  8. Chapter 7: Arabic Music Theory • The Maqam Scale • Tetrachords - segments of four notes • quarter-tones – intervals within the Arabic tuning system that are about half the size of the smallest European interval (the semitone) • Jins – scale fragments in Arabic music • the maqam nahawand scale is shown below

  9. Chapter 7: Arabic Music Theory • The Maqam Scale • The maqam huzam scale is shown below

  10. Chapter 7: Arabic Music Theory • Other Characteristics of a Maqam • Taqsim - non-pulsatile improvisations • Layali - vocal form which use melismas on the syllables “ya layl, ya ‘ayn” (“oh night, oh eyes”) with one or more instrumentalists following the singer’s improvisations • sayr (path) of the maqam - the performance of the taqsimis a journey through a sequence of emphasized pitches, the principal tones of the maqam scale

  11. Chapter 7: Arabic Music Theory • Other Characteristics of a Maqam • schematic representation from a performance of a taqsim in maqam hijaz on the ‘ud • modulation – temporary shifts to a related maqam

  12. Chapter 7: Arabic Music Theory • Rhythm in Arabic Music • iqa‘ - a characteristic rhythmic pattern • Maqsum - The iqa‘ rhythmic pattern, a simple quadruple pattern, is commonly used in Egyptian folk music, among other repertories • An example of this can be seen below

  13. Chapter 7: Arabic Music Theory • Rhythm in Arabic Music • wahdah - the iqa’ pattern, while also contained in a simple quadruple meter like maqsum, has a very different sound • An example of this can be seen below

  14. Chapter 7: Arabic Music Theory • Rhythm in Arabic Music • below is an example of one possible interpretation of the iqa‘ maqsum by a darrabukha drummer

  15. Chapter 7: Arabic Music Theory • Rhythm in Arabic Music • below is the iqa‘ murassa‘ shami, which consists of nineteen beats divided into groups of 4+5+4+6 • These groups within the cycle are shown by darker dotted lines.

  16. Chapter 7: Arabic Music Performance • Music Forms and Practice in Arabic Music • The classic expression of the traditional urban Arabic • performance is the suite • Suite - a series of songs and instrumental pieces unified by their reference to a single maqam • These suites have different forms and names in different countries • nuba in Morocco • fasil in Turkey and Syria, • waslah in Egypt • nawbah in some North African countries • maqam in Iraq

  17. Chapter 7: Arabic Music Performance • Music Forms and Practice in Arabic Music • Takht - The most traditional medium for the Arabic suite, an ensemble of about five musicians • A takht might include a qanun (zither), ‘ud (lute), nay (flute), riqq (tambourine), violin, a solo singer and perhaps a chorus, or the instrumentalists may act as a chorus • Some of the other genres that may form movements of the suite or independent forms include the following: • mawwal • qasida • sama’i • tahmilah

  18. Chapter 7: Arabic Music Performance • Music Forms and Practice in Arabic Music • Firqa - a large ensemble of twenty or more musicians in Egypt, which combined both Arabic and European instruments, including a large section of the violin family • sha‘bi - the working-class and often socially conscious music • al-jil – Middle Eastern popular music style • Nashid – Islamic popular music

  19. Chapter 7: Arabic Music Performance • Waslah in Maqam Huzam • waslah - is a classical suite of songs and instrumental pieces played by a small ensemble (takht) in Egypt. • In the example below the movements are somewhat abbreviated; a full performance could easily last an hour. • This excerpt includes four short movements: bashraf, taqsim, dulab, and muwashshah

  20. Chapter 7: Music in Iran • Iranian Classical Music • Dastgah – basis for Iranian modal improvisation • each dastgah has a characteristic heptatonic scale, called the maye, which may include steps of 3⁄4 of a tone and 11⁄4 tone • Gusheh – melodic basis of Iranian improvisation • Radif – collection of Iranian dastgah • chahar mezrab – metered section in Iranian classical music

  21. Chapter 7: Music in Iran • Genres of Iranian Classical Music • pishdaramad—an introductory piece for ensemble in duple or triple meter • tasnif—a composed song in a fixed meter accompanied by a soloist or ensemble • reng—ensemble music in a dance rhythm

  22. Chapter 7: Music in Iran • A PERFORMANCE OF AN IRANIAN DASTGAH • Mahur - A popular dastgah marked by a characteristic optimistic mood that is unusual for much of Iranian classical improvisation • this performance consists of a sequence of improvisations based on gusheh melodies of different character, but all having a unifying mahur sound

  23. Chapter 7: Jewish Music • Religious Music • Levites - a hereditary caste of professional musicians • Shofar - a ram’s horn trumpet • still used as a ritual instrument in Jewish ceremonies • Cantillation – a standard method of chanting Biblical texts • ta’amim – signs to indicate Jewish cantillation formulas • Cantor – music leader in Jewish religious service • Hazzanut – Jewish sung prayer form • Shteygers – modes in Jewish cantoral singing • Nigun – Hasidic Jewish song form with only abstract syllables

  24. Chapter 7: Jewish Music • Klezmer • Klezmorim - folk musicians who typically played vigorous dance music for weddings and other events in small Jewish communities • The music of these ensembles featured characteristic syncopation (shifting of metrical accents) and non-diatonic scales • ensembles typically included a pair of violins, a bass, a cimbalom (hammered dulcimer), and, later, a famously expressive clarinet

  25. Chapter 7: Jewish Music • Modern Israeli Music • romance or romancero - one of the most popular genres among the Jews of the Sephardic (Mediterranean) tradition • These ballad-type folksongs were originally sung without accompaniment by women, although modern Ladino musicians often sing with guitar accompaniment

More Related