Chapter 2: Chemistry

1. Learning Objectives Know pH and pH scale • know the monomer, polymer, function and examples for the below organic molecules • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids Chapter 2: Chemistry Raw materials and fuel for our bodies

2. Current News: Nutrition Panel Calls for Less Sugar and Eases Cholesterol and Fat Restrictions Feb 18, 2015

3. A food that is a good source of fibre will have at least 2.5 - 5g of fibre per serving.

4. 25 Elements Found in Your Body and the Big 4

5. Living systems are highly sensitive to acidic and basic conditions Hydrogen Ions and Hydroxide Ions

6. If lemon juice has a pH of 2 and tomato juice has a pH of 4, lemon juice is _____ times _____ (more/less) acidic.

7. Blood pH Buffers can quickly absorb excess H+ ions to keep a solution from becoming too acidic, and they can quickly release H+ ions to counteract any increases in OH concentration.

8. Proteins MacromoleculesWhat are they? CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS NUCLEIC ACIDS Where do they come from??

9. Raw materials for cell?

10. Macromolecules/organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Simple molecules < 50 Sugars, amino acids, nucleotides Macromolecules

11. CARBOHYDRATES • C, H, and O • Primary fuel for organisms • Cell structure

12. Carbohydrates Monomers Polymers Complex Carbohydrates Simple Sugars Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose Examples: starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen Functions???

13. Energy is in the chemical bonds!

14. Glucose Most carbohydrates— ultimately converted into glucose Fuel for cellular activity Carboloading: The excess carbohydrate is stored as glycogen in the ____ and it is broken down into glucose when the blood glucose is low.. Thus one can get energy to finish the athletic event

15. Complex carbohydrates are time-released packets of ______. Disaccharides Table sugar (sucrose) Milk sugar (lactose) • Polysaccharides • starch • cellulose

16. Chemical Fuel Preliminary Processing

17. If starch is made up of glucose molecules why does it not taste sweet?

18. Not all carbohydrates are digestible 1.Cellulose (Plants) 2. Chitin (Insects, lobsters) Chitin offers protection for the lobster.

19. The main function of cellulose fibers in plant cell is ___ A. Energy storage B. Protect other tissues C. Provides support to the plants D. Source of fuel

21. 2.15 Proteins are bodybuilding macromolecules.

22. Proteins Monomers Polymers Proteins (polypeptides) Amino Acids Hemoglobin, Actin, Myosin, Albumin, antibodies, hormones, etc. 20 different amino acids

23. Polypeptide = chain of amino acids linked together with peptide bonds. Proteins have different levels of structure. The primary structureis the order of the amino acids in the chain.

24. Protein functions are influenced by their three-dimensional shape. Peptide bonds STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS PRIMARY STRUCTURE SECONDARY STRUCTURE TERTIARY STRUCTURE QUATERNARY STRUCTURE Peptide bonds Amino acids Hydrogen bonds The twists or pleated folds formed by hydrogen bonds between amino acids The 3-D shape formed by multiple twists and bends in the polypeptide chain Two or more polypeptide chains bonded together The sequence of amino acids

25. Egg whites contain much protein. Why does beating them change their texture, making them stiff?

26. Prions (misshapen protein): protein changes shape and then causes brain disease Abnormal prion Normal prion http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pqhpVpafjmk

27. Even though the food label lists the total protein, you may not be getting all of your essential amino acids. http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/index.html

29. INTRODUCTION TO LIPIDS THREE TYPES OF LIPIDS FATS STEROLS PHOSPHOLIPIDS FUNCTION Long-term energy storage and insulation FUNCTION Regulate growth and development FUNCTION Form the membranes that enclose cells

30. Saturated and Unsaturated Fats # of double bonds more in unsaturated fats Unsaturated fats relatively better for health

32. Hydrogenation

33. Which plant oil has more saturated fat? A. Olive oil B. Canola oil C. Peanut oil D. Coconut oil

34. STEROLS CHOLESTEROL • Important component of cell membranes in animals • Can attach to vessel walls lead to high blood pressure, and heart attack Sterols are all based on a structure featuring four carbon rings. STEROID HORMONES • Regulate sexual development, maturation, and sex cell production • Estrogen and testosterone Estrogen Testosterone

35. Phospholipids and Waxes Phospholipids are the major component of the cell membrane. Waxes are strongly hydrophobic.

36. LipoProteins ____ – carries cholesterol to body tissue ____ – carries cholesterol away from tissues to liver for disposal Which is the good one? LDL HDL

37. Nucleic acids are macromolecules that store information. • Two types of nucleic acids • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) • Both play central roles in directing the production of proteins.

38. Nucleic Acids Monomers Polymers Nucleotides Nucleic Acids DNA RNA

39. 2.21 DNA holds the genetic information to build an organism.

40. Parts of a nucleotide: Which of the below is not a part of the nucleotide? A. Sugar molecule B. Nitrogen base C. Protein molecule D. Phosphate group

41. Which of the following nirtogen bases are present in equal amounts in DNA? • Adenine (A) and cytosine (C ) • Thymine (T) and guanine (G) • Adenine (A) and guanine (G) • Thymine (T) and cytosine (C ) • Adenine (A) and thymine (T)

42. 2.22 RNA is a universal translator, reading DNA and directing protein production.

43. Pick the one that does not match A. Lipids…………….glycogen B. Proteins………….enzymes C. Nucleic acids……DNA D. Carbohydrates….chitin