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Road to the Civil War

Road to the Civil War. The Missouri Compromise.

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Road to the Civil War

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  1. Road to the Civil War

  2. The Missouri Compromise

  3. Many settlers in Missouri brought enslaved African Americans to the territory with them. By 1819 the Missouri Territory included about 50,000 white settlers & 10,000 slaves. When Missouri applied for statehood, its constitution allowed slavery.

  4. In 1819, 11 states allowed slavery (Alabama was admitted as a slave state on December 14, 1819) & 11 states did not. The Senate was balanced between representatives from free & slave states, so the admission of a new state would upset the balance. Northerners wanted to restrict or ban slavery while Southerners (even those who disliked slavery) opposed & resented the antislavery efforts by the Northerners.

  5. The differences between the North & South grew into sectionalism – an exaggerated loyalty to a particular region of the country.

  6. At the same time that the country and Congress was debating the Missouri question, Maine (still part of Massachusetts) also applied for statehood. The discussions about Missouri now included Maine. Some people thought the nation would break up over the argument. Henry Clay helped to work out a compromise.

  7. The Missouri Compromise, reached in March 1820, admitted Missouri as a slave state & Maine as a free state. The agreement also banned slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36-30’N parallel.

  8. Differences Between North and South • Industry and Immigration in the North • 1850s- Industrialization  What does this lead to? • Railroads Result? • small towns quickly become cities • telegraph wires provide fast communication • Influx of Immigrants  Significance? • Competition for jobs  immigrants opposed to slavery

  9. Differences Between North and South • Agriculture and Slavery in the South • Plantations • Economy relies on cash crops; manufacture under 10% of U.S. goods • Few immigrants; free, enslaved African Americans meet labor needs • In 3 states, blacks are majority; in 2, are half of population • Southern whites fear change

  10. Slavery in the Territories • The Wilmot Proviso • Wilmot Proviso declared that there would be no slavery interritory acquired from Mexico • North Perspective: slave territory adds slave states; no jobs for free workers • South Perspective: slaves are property under Constitution so individuals moving West should be able to bring them; fear more free states

  11. New problems in the slavery debate…

  12. Southerners wanted Texas to be annexed by the US. WHY?

  13. Just after the Mexican War began, David Wilmot, representative from Pennsylvania, proposed: 1. slavery should be prohibited in any lands that might be acquired from Mexico. To what extent could the Wilmot Proviso benefit the citizens of the US?

  14. Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina countered with his own proposal: 1. He stated that neither Congress nor any territorial government had the authority to ban or regulate slavery in any way.

  15. Neither proposal passed, but both caused bitter debate. By the 1848 Presidential Election, the U.S. had won California & New Mexico from Mexico.

  16. In 1850, California entered Union as a free state for state. 15 free & 15 slave states New Mexico, Oregon & the Utah Territory likely to follow as free states. Southerners feared they would continue to lose power and thought about seceding(leaving) the Union.

  17. COMPROMISE OF 1850

  18. In January 1850, Henry Clay proposed a plan to solve the divisive issue of slavery

  19. (1) California would be admitted as a free state

  20. (2) New Mexico Territory would have no restrictions on slavery

  21. (3) Texas would receive financial compensation for giving up land claims west of the Rio Grande in New Mexico Territory. 10 million dollars

  22. (4) The slave trade, but not slavery, would be abolished in Washington, D.C.

  23. (5) The fugitive slave laws would be made stronger.

  24. Daniel Webster supported Clay’s plan. He reasoned that geography would prevent slavery from taking root in the new territories since most of the land was not suitable for plantations. John C. Calhoun opposed the plan. He spoke out saying that the only way to save the Union was to protect slavery.

  25. President Zachary Taylor opposed Clay’s plan & threatened to use force if any Southern states tried to secede. Taylor, however, died suddenly in July 1850.

  26. After his death, Taylor’s Vice President, Millard Fillmore, became President of the United States. He supported some form of the plan.

  27. Stephen A. Douglas, a Senator from Illinois, divided Clay’s plan into a series of measures which Congress could vote upon separately. Why would splitting a plan up help it pass in Congress?

  28. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was also passed, which required all citizens to help catch runaway slaves. Southerners enforced the law too much. Actually, enslaving free people. Northerners grew angry and stopped enforcing the law

  29. Underground Railroad provided escape route for slaves. Northerners helped in an effort to weaken Fugitive Slave Law

  30. Underground Railroad • Harriet Tubman was the most prominent “conductors” of the Underground Railroad • It consisted of a series of safe houses and secret routes that runaway slaves could follow to freedom • Where did most runaway slaves consider free territory? 41

  31. Kansas-Nebraska Act http://streaming.factsonfile.com/PortalViewVideo.aspx?xtid=43176&loid=93946&psid=0&sid=0&State=&title=The Presidents: 1849-1865&IsSearch=Y&parentSeriesID=

  32. Before Kansas-Nebraska Act After Kansas-Nebraska Act

  33. Franklin Pierce won the election in a landslide, becoming the 14th President of the United States. Pierce intended to enforce the Fugitive Slave Act.

  34. In 1854, hoping to encourage settlement of the West, Stephen A. Douglas proposed organizing the “unorganized territory” as the territories of Kansas & Nebraska.

  35. According to the Missouri Compromise, how would the issue of slavery be decided in those territories? FREE To appease both North & South, Douglas proposed that the Missouri Compromise be abandoned & popular sovereignty decide fate of the Kansas and Nebraska territories So what does that mean for the settlers that move to the Kansas or Nebraska Territories?

  36. Northerners protested. It went against the previous Missouri Compromise Southerners thought that slaveholders from Missouri would move west into the territories & vote for slavery.

  37. May 1854: Kansas-Nebraska Act passed in Congress.

  38. IT’S A RACE!! Proslavery & Antislavery groups rushed into Kansas What was the goal of each group? To populate the area with people that shared their beliefs they would vote to have slavery or not > In the spring of 1855 a proslavery legislature was elected. > Many slavery supporters crossed the Missouri-Kansas border just to vote. > Soon after the election, the new Kansas legislature passed laws supporting slavery. Antislavery supporters refused to accept the laws. They armed themselves & held their own elections. They adopted their own Constitution that banned slavery.

  39. “BLEEDING KANSAS” In May 1856 800 slavery supporters attacked the town of Lawrence, Kansas. Totally destroyed the town.

  40. John Brown, a passionate abolitionist, believed that god had chosen him to end slavery Pottawatomie Creek where they killed 5 supporters of slavery. Brown led other raids in Kansas as well, gaining followers & attacked proslavery elements.

  41. As violence followed, newspapers began to refer to “Bleeding Kansas” or “The Civil War in Kansas.” Governor John Geary used 1,300 federal troops to suppress the violence. While the fighting slowed, it continued for two more years.

  42. Violence also broke out on the floor of Congress. Abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts delivered a speech titled “The Crime Against Kansas” which lashed out against proslavery forces in Kansas & criticized proslavery Senators.

  43. Representative Preston Brooks walked into the Senate two days after the speech & hit Sumner repeatedly over the head & shoulders with a cane. Sumner was knocked unconscious. He was out of the Senate for several years recovering from his injuries.

  44. These incidents, “Bleeding Kansas” & the attack on Sumner, revealed the rising level of hostility between North & South, antislavery & proslavery.

  45. CHALLENGESTO SLAVERY

  46. A New Political Party After the Kansas-Nebraska Act... The Democratic Party was weakened Northern Democrats began to leave the party. Whig Party split--> Northern Whigs and Southern Whigs Republican Party grew in power and influence Antislavery Democrats & Whigs joined forces with members of the Free Soil Party and formed a new party called the Republican Party. Republicans gained influence in the North, but had almost no support in the South.

  47. Election of 1856 - The Whig Party fell apart over the issue of slavery. - The American Party (Know-Nothing Party) nominated former President Millard Fillmore. - The Democrats nominated James Buchanan of Pennsylvania. He was an experienced diplomat & former member of Congress. - The Republicans nominated John C. Fremont of California who became famous as an explorer in the west. His campaign slogan was “Free Soil, Free Speech and Fremont.” Millard Fillmore James Buchanan John C. Fremont

  48. Fillmore did not fare well in the election, winning only Maryland. Fremont did not win a Southern state, but won 11 of 16 free states. Buchanan won all of the Southern states except Maryland & received 174 electoral votes, winning the election. Buchanan’s inauguration Buchanan & his cabinet

  49. Lincoln & Douglas The Illinois Senate race of 1858 became the center of national attention. Democrat Stephen A. Douglas, the current Senator & a likely candidate for President in 1860, was challenged by the nearly unknown Republican Abraham Lincoln.

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