The architecture and sculpture of Great Britain and USA

1. The architecture and sculpture of Great Britain and USA Valentina Alabuzheva Group 2847

2. Structure: • The architecture of Great Britain • Pre-roman • Roman • Anglo-Saxon • Norman • Gothic • lancet (early) gothic • decorated gothic • perpendicular gothic • Tudor architecture and interior design • Stuart architecture and interior design • Georgian architecture and interior design • Victorian architecture and interiors • The architecture of USA • general remarks • Endemic features • The sculpture of Great Britain • The sculpture of USA

3. English architecture Pre-roman: Neolithic monuments and defensive earthworks The Cadbury Cathedral The Stonehenge

4. English architecture Roman: First cities and towns, including Bath, London and Chester The Roman Baths The London Wall The Hadrian’s Wall

5. English architecture Anglo-Saxon: Simple buildings, mainly of timber. Some stone Saxon churches still remain. St Michael and All Angels Church In Stewkley, Buckinghamshire

6. English architecture The Norman architecture, or the English Romanesque (mid. 11- late 12 cent.) Features: massive proportions, simple geometry, round doorway and geometric ornaments Examples: the Tower of London, the Caernafon Castle, the Jew’s house in Lincoln The Carrickfergus Castle in Northern Ireland A typical Norman arch

7. English Architecture Gothic Early period – Lancet Gothic (late 12-mid.13) Features: a simple and austere style with pointed archs (lancets), often grouped in twos or threes, rose windows, flying buttresses. The most popular motive is dog-tooth. Examples: the Westminster Abbey, the Salisbury Cathedral, the Peterborough Cathedral. The Salisbury Cathedral

8. English architecture Gothic: the Decorated Period • 1. The “Geometric” style (1250-1290) • 2. The “Curvilinear” style (1290-1350) Features: elaborate windows, subdivided by parallel mullions; abundant window tracery. Slender tall columns, supporting vaulting roofs. Ballflower and four-leaved flower as the most popular motives. Examples: Lincoln Cathedral, York Minister, Exeter Cathedral The Melrose Abbey In Scotland The west front of York Minister

9. English architecture Perpendicular (Late, or Rectilinear)Gothic Features: very large windows with slim stone mullions and stained glass. Ogee arches instead of pointed. Large elliptical hollows. Hammerbeam and timber roofs. Examples: Oxford, the Westminster Hall, the Canterbury Cathedral, Sherborne Abbey The interior of Gloucester Cathedral St Mary’s church In Warwick,

10. English architecture Tudor architecture Features: four-center arches, oriel windows, naturalistic foliage motives, large chimneys Examples: Windsor Castle, St George’s chapel, King’s college Chapel at Cambridge King’s college chapel The Old Market Hall

11. English architecture Tudor architecture: the interior design Large hallways, ample dining-rooms, enormous open fire-places. Decoration: whitewash walls, watercolour stenciled motifs, wood planking, trimming, tassels, wrought-iron chandeliers, wall sconces. A Tudor sitting room

12. English architecture English Baroque (Stuart Architecture) Features: cylindrical domed towers, solid gates and porticos. Less heavy embellished than continental architecture Key figures: Indigo Jones, Kristopher Wren, William Talman Examples: St Paul’s Cathedral, Howard Palace, the Queen’s House at Greenwich. Seaton Delaval Hall St Paul’s cathedral

13. English architecture The Stuart interior design Colours: general palette is dark, but plaster ceilings and fabrics of different patterns make it brighter. Decorative elements: arches, pilasters and caryatides are combined with geometric framework. A Stuart Dining room

14. English architecture Georgian architecture (Neoclassicism) 1720-1840 Features: classical order of architecture: clear lines and proportions, main colours – red, tan and white Key figures: Robert Adams, James Gibbs, Henry Holland, James Wyatt. Examples: Woburn Abbey, Kelbstone hall, Mayfair and Bath Georgian house in Salisbury

15. English architecture Georgian interior design Decorative objects: fans, porcelain and laquerwork from the Orient and bronze ornament. Colours: burgundy, sage green, pale blue. Features: marble floors, oriental rugs, geometric patterns and stripes, delicate furniture (ex. Chippendale furniture). A Georgian interior

16. English architecture Victorian architecture (1837-1901) Features: a combination of new medieval gothic, new Palladianism and new classicism. Steel as a construction material. Key figures: Alexander Paxton, Augustus Pugin Examples: the Palace of Westminster, the Crystal Palace, the Fonthill Abbey The Palace of Westminster

17. English architecture Victorian interior design Colour scheme: green, mahogany, golden, white Patterns: floral, leaves motifs. Decorative elements: heavy velvet drapes, tapestries, Gold-patterned wallpapers. Victorian interior

18. English architecture Contemporary architecture (20 -21 cnt.) 1.Arts and crafts (1900-1930). 2. Art Deco (1930-1940) 3. New Classicism (1930-1950) 4. Constructivism (1950-1970) 5. Postmodern architecture Lloyd’s building (the example of Postmodern Architecture) The central public court of the Barbican Centre

19. English architecture Contemporary interior design Can combine all possible features of different styles

20. Architecture of the United States General remarks: Regionally diverse and eclectic. Styles: Georgian architecture, Neogothic, Neoclassicism Prevailing trend: Modernism The Residence In Tarrytown, Neogothic style Jefferson memorial, Neoclassical style

21. Architecture of the United States • The most notable object of the US architecture is A Skyscraper. The first steel-framed skyscraper was erected in 1885, Chicago. Based on geometric form, buildings in their style have been both praised as monuments to American corporate life and dismissed as "glass boxes." Modern American governmental buildings and skyscrapers have a distinct style known as Federal Modernism. The Empire State building The first skyscraper

22. Sculpture Of the Great Britain

23. English Sculpture “The British monuments comprise innumerable rich design specimen of every age and variety, from the simple to the most elaborate” Matthew Holbeche Bloxam, “Monumental architecture and sculpture of Great Britain”

24. English sculpture • “New sculpture” (Harry Bates) • Modernism (Alfred Turner) • Contemporary expressive art (Henry Moore)

25. English sculpture Harry Bates (1850-1899) Founder of the “New sculpture” movement (naturalistic style, marked by a wider range of subject matter). The dominating genre was freestanding sculpture. His works show perfect art of imaging muscles and movements The statue of Cupid and Psyche

26. English sculpture Alfred Turner (1874-1940) Style: modernism Features: experiments with form. A significant feature – Blending two figures into one. Mostly indoor sculptures. “Mother and child” by Alfred Turner

27. English sculpture Contemporary sculpture: Henry Moore (1898-1986) A modernist sculptor conception is experimenting with the form for the sake of the Idea. His works’ main features are organic forms, prominent size and mostly outdoor display Henry Moore’s outdoor installation

28. American sculpture • Classicism (William Henry Rinehart) • Realism (Daniel Chester French) • “Western Art” (Frederick Remington) • Modernism (Paul Manship)

29. American sculpture William Henry Rinehart (1825-1874) Style:classicism, strongly influenced by Italian sculptors Works: Hero and Leander, Indian Girl, St. Cecilia, Sleeping Babes, Woman of Samaria, Christ and the Angel of Resurrection The Hero By William Rinehart

30. American sculpture Daniel Chester French (1850-1931) Style: realism Works: the statue of George Washington, the statue of John Hooker in Boston, the monuments of the Lincoln Memorial The Lincoln Statue

31. American sculpture Frederick Remington (1861-1909) Style: “Western Art” Features: realistic depiction of the “Wild West” The style developed by Fr. Remington continued into the Twentieth and Twenty-First century. The Bronco Buster By Frederick Remington

32. American sculpture Paul Manship (1885-1966) Style:Modernism. Manship’s style is considered to be a blend of art-deco and beaux-arts traditional realism Works: “Lincoln”, “Diana and a hound”, “Dancer with gazelles”. Prometheus By Paul Manship

33. American sculpture Jim Gary (1939 – 2006): contemporary artist Works: most famous creations – large colourful dinosaurs made of old cars (”Garisauruses”) Features: combinations of stained glass, hardware and machine parts The famous dinosaurs By Jim Gary

34. To sum up… The British architecture and sculpture, being one of the most influential art school in the World, produced a great impact on the development of architectural traditions of different cultures globally. The American art of architecture and sculpture, which originated from a fuse of various styles, today sets the trend for the whole world. In the Twentieth century, both the British and the American architecture are set on creating new designs, at the same time preserving the heritage of their ancestors.

35. Bibliography: • Beattie, Susan. The New Sculpture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983. • Bloxam, Matthew Holpeche. A glimpse at the Monumental architecture – London, Harvard University Press, 1934. • Cathedral Days: A Tour in Southern England (Boston: Little, Brown and company, 1899), • Causey, Andrew. Sculpture Since 1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998 • Christine Chen, English and History of Art 151, Brown University, 2004 • Conner, Janis and Joel Rosenkranz, Rediscoveries in American Sculpture, Studio Works 1893 – 1939, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 1989 • Greenbaum, Michael D. Icons of the West: Frederic Remington's Sculpture, Frederic Remington Art Museum, Ogdensburg, NY • A dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture – Oxford University Press, 2000. • American Sculpture in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1, A Catalogue of Works by Artists Born before 1865. Tolles, Thayer, ed., catalogue by Lauretta Dimmick, Donna J. Hassler, and Thayer Tolles. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art; New Haven: Distributed by Yale University Press. 1999. • American Sculpture in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 2, A Catalogue of Works by Artists Born between 1865 and 1885. Tolles, Thayer, ed., catalogue by Donna J. Hassler, Joan M. Marter, and Thayer Tolles. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2000. • http://www.bbc.co.uk/homes/design/period_georgian.shtml • http://www.britannica.com/ • http://www.metmuseum.org/ • www.viktorianweb.org • http://educatus.com/main/content/contentList.asp?sid=27&refresh=1&#27 • http://www.greatbuildings.com/places/usa.html • http://architecture.about.com/od/usa/Architecture_in_the_The_United_States.htm • http://educatus.com/main/samples/default.asp?lid=800982&reques