Domain Bacteria

1. Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Common ancestor Kingdom: Animals Domain Eukarya Slide show modified from: Kim Foglia @ www.explorebiology.com Blue edged slides are Kim’s

2. Animal Characteristics • Heterotrophs • must ingest others for nutrients • Multicellular • complex bodies • No cell walls • allows active movement • Sexual reproduction • no alternation of generations • no haploid gametophyte

3. Disagreement about phylogeny of BILATERIA Protostomia Images from Campbell and Reece AP BIOLOGY

4. http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/echinoderm_notes.htm WHY ARE ECHINODERMS PLACED IN BILATERIA? Its larvae are BILATERALLY symmetrical and develop like deuterostomes!

5. Animal Evolution Cnidaria Nematoda Annelida Echinoderm Porifera Platyhelminthes Mollusca Arthropoda Chordata sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms mollusks segmentedworms insectsspiders starfish vertebrates backbone segmentation endoskeleton eucoelom body cavity bilateral symmetry tissues multicellularity Ancestral Protist

6. Invertebrate: Porifera food taken into each cell by endocytosis • Sponges • Diploblastic (two germ layers) • no distinct tissues or organs • do have specialized cells • no symmetry • sessile (as adults)

7. Invertebrate: Cnidaria • Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral • Diploblastic (two germ layers) • tissues, but no organs • radial symmetry • predators • tentacles surround gut opening • GASTROVASCULAR cavity • extracellular digestion • release enzymes into gut cavity

8. mouth tentacles sensory cell discharged nematocyst stingingcell undischarged nematocyst hydra trigger stinging cell with nematocyst Stinging cells of Cnidarians

9. 3 KINDS OF WORMS - 3 KINDS OF COELOMS ectoderm mesoderm endoderm FLATWORMS acoelomate ectoderm mesoderm ROUND WORMS endoderm pseudocoelomate SEGMENTED WORMS ectoderm mesoderm True coelomate endoderm

10. Invertebrate: Platyhelminthes • Flatworms • Triploblastic (3 germ layers) • Acoelom • Fluke, tapeworm, Planaria • Some parasitic • bilaterally symmetrical • Have “less than 2” opening digestive system • Flame cells-excretory • Breathe through skin • Open circulation Tapeworm Planaria GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY absorb thru skin

11. Invertebrate: Nematoda • Roundworms • Triploblastic • Pseudocoelom • bilaterally symmetrical • have both mouth & anus • well-developed digestive system • many are parasitic • Hookworm, pinworms • Breathe through skin • Open circulation C. elegans

12. earthworm Invertebrate: Annelida Segmented worms • earthworms, leeches • segments are not specialized • bilaterally symmetrical • true coelom • 2 opening digestive system • Breathe through skin • CLOSED circulation • NEPHRIDIA- excretory fan worm leech

13. Invertebrate: Mollusca Mollusks • clams, snails, octopus • bilaterally symmetrical • soft bodies, many protected by hard shells • true coelom • OPEN circulation (except cephalopods)

14. Invertebrate: Arthropoda Spiders, insects, crustaceans • most successful animal phylum • bilaterally symmetrical • segmented • JOINTED APPENDAGES • EXOSKELETON (chitin + protein) • OPEN CIRCULATION

15. Arthropod groups arachnids 8 legs, 2 body parts MALPIGHIAN TUBULES spiders, ticks, scorpions crustaceans gills, 2 pairs antennae Green glands crab, lobster, barnacles, shrimp insects 6 legs, 3 body parts

16. Invertebrate: Echinodermata • Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber • Adults - radially symmetrical • Larva-bilaterally symmetrical • SPINY skin • endoskeleton • Water vascular system • OPEN circulation

17. Invertebrate quick check… Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata • Which phylum includes snails, clams, and octopus? • Which phylum is the sponges? • Which are the flatworms? …segmented worms? …roundworms? • Which phylum has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton? • Which two groups are radially symmetrical? • Which group has no symmetry? • Type of circulation most invertebrates have? • Which groups are DIPLOBLASTIC?

18. PHYLUM = Chordata CHARACTERISTICS: NOTOCHORD PHARYNGEAL POUCHES POST ANAL TAIL DORSAL NERVE CORD hollow dorsal nerve cord becomes brain & spinal cord becomes gills or Eustachian tube pharyngeal pouches becomes vertebrae postanal tail becomes tail or tailbone notochord

19. fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals SUBPHYLUM = VERTEBRATA • VERTEBRATE CHARACTERISTICS: • ALL CHORDATE CHARACTERISTICS PLUS: • Bones or cartilage around a dorsal nerve cord • Cranium (skull) to protect brain • Endoskeleton made of bone or cartilage • Closed circulatory system

20. NOTOCHORD Notochord: flexible rod Helps organize developing cells in embryo Replaced by spinal cord in most vertebrates Becomes the vertebrae http://www.xenbase.org/xmmr/Marker_pages/notochord/Tor70stg22.jpg

21. DORSAL NERVE CORDVENTRAL HEARTSpinal cord forms along dorsal side Images from: http://www.nvo.com/jin/nssfolder/scrapbookanatomy/dorsal%20nerve%20cord.jpg  http://www.ekinos.com.ar/horse.jpg

22. PHARYNGEAL POUCHES Become gills in some vertebrates Become back of throat and inner ears in humans http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/courses/Tatner/biomedia/subunits/notoc.htm

23. POST ANAL TAIL

24. Human Embryo32 days old http://www.evcforum.net/RefLib/EvidencesMacroevolution2_files/human_embryo.jpg Pharyngeal arches appear during 4th week Tail disappears at approximately 8 weeks

25. 450 mya salmon, trout, sharks Vertebrates: Fish • Characteristics • body structure • bony OR cartilaginous skeleton • Scales, fins • Lungs/swim bladder • body function • gills for gas exchange • two-chambered heart; single loop blood circulation • ectotherms • reproduction • external fertilization • external development in aquatic egg gills body

26. Humerus Femur Ulna Pelvis Shoulder Tibia Radius Lobe-finned fish Fibula Femur Pelvis Humerus Shoulder Radius Tibia Ulna Fibula Early amphibian Transition to Land Evolution of tetrapods Evidence suggests lobe finned fish are ancestors of amphibians

27. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/news/tiktaalik_reconstruction.jpghttp://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/news/tiktaalik_reconstruction.jpg TIK-TAALIK Intermediate between fish and early tetrapods • Fins have basic wrist bones and simple fingers • Earliest fish with a neck • Discovered by Neil Shubin and Ted Daeschler in 2004

28. lung buccal cavity glottis closed 350 mya frogs salamanders toads Vertebrates: Amphibian • Characteristics • body structure • legs (tetrapods) • Thin, moist skin • body function • lungs (positive pressure) & diffusion through skin for gas exchange • three-chambered heart/2 loops • Ectotherms • Excrete UREA • reproduction • external fertilization • external development in aquatic egg • metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)

29. leathery shell embryo amnion chorion allantois yolk sac 250 mya dinosaurs, turtles lizards, snakes alligators, crocodile Vertebrates: Reptiles • Characteristics • Dry, scaly skin • body function • lungs for gas exchange • three-chambered heart/2 loops • ectotherms • excrete URIC ACID • reproduction • INTERNAL fertilization • external development- AMNIOTIC egg

30. IMPORTANT DEVELOPMENT AMNIOTIC EGG- reptiles didn’t have to return to water to lay eggs amnion -bag of waters; the extraembryonic membrane of birds, reptiles, and mammals, which lines the chorion and contains the fetus and the amniotic fluid http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/amnions http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/27/117227-050-E1C9ABEE.jpg

31. lung trachea anterior air sacs posterior air sacs 150 mya finches, hawk ostrich, turkey Vertebrates: Birds • Characteristics • body structure • feathers & wings • thin, hollow bone;flight skeleton • body function • very efficient lungs & air sacs • four-chambered heart/2 loops • endotherms • excrete URIC ACID • reproduction • INTERNAL fertilization • external development in AMNIOTIC egg

32. muscles contract diaphragm contracts 220 mya / 65 mya mice, ferret elephants, batswhales, humans Vertebrates: Mammals • Characteristics • body structure • hair • specialized teeth • body function • lungs, diaphragm; negative pressure • four-chambered heart/2 loops • endotherms • reproduction • internal fertilization • internal development in uterus • nourishment through placenta • birth live young • mammary glands make milk

33. Vertebrates: Mammals • Sub-groups • monotremes • egg-laying mammals • duckbilled platypus, echidna • marsupials • pouched mammals • short-lived placenta • koala, kangaroo, opossum • placental • true placenta • shrews, bats, whales, humans

34. Vertebrate quick check… • Which vertebrates lay eggs with shells? • Which vertebrates are covered with scales? • What adaptations do birds have for flying? • What kind of symmetry do all vertebrates have? • Which vertebrates are ectothermic and which are endothermic? • Why must amphibians live near water? • What reproductive adaptations made mammals very successful? • What characteristics distinguish the 3 sub-groups of mammals?