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Review : The Motives for US Expansion:

Review : The Motives for US Expansion:. CLOSING OF THE FRONTIER : signaled the end of progress, expansion and opportunity; high expectations end; catalyst for democracy gone; urban problems and social unrest prove the Turner “thesis” to be true. Find new frontiers! “Follow the Sun!”

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Review : The Motives for US Expansion:

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  1. Review:The Motives for US Expansion: • CLOSING OF THE FRONTIER: • signaled the end of progress, expansion and opportunity; high expectations end; catalyst for democracy gone; urban problems and social unrest prove the Turner “thesis” to be true. Find new frontiers! “Follow the Sun!” • ECONOMIC MOTIVES: • mercantilism/favorable balance of trade, new markets, access to raw materials, and cheap labor • SOCIAL/RELIGIOUS/CULTURAL MOTIVES: • Christian (Anglo-Saxon) mission, social Darwinism, superior race/culture, superior (democratic) government, an extension of Manifest Destiny beyond the shores of the United States, “Follow the Sun” • POLITICAL and MILITARY MOTIVES: • national security, 2 naval fleets (Atlantic & Pacific), Monroe Doctrine, compete w/European powers, Mahan’s “Sea Power” premise, establish colonies for creation of harbors, stepping stones to China • US won war with Spain and now had new territories • This put on China’s doorstep with just one more thing to do to complete the job.

  2. The Election of 1900 McKinley (R-pro Imp) vs. Bryan (D-anti Imp) No. 1 Issue: IMPERIALISM McKinley was elected and the continuation of an aggressive foreign policy of expansionism and intervention continued. Sept. 6, 1901: McKinley assassinated Theodore Roosevelt became president…who was TR?

  3. TR’s Three Guiding Diplomatic Principles 1901 to 1908:All are Essential for US Progress • US needed markets to export its goods to • WHERE? • US claimed its right to intervene wherever its interests were threatened • WHERE? • US had to keep areas of the world open to US products, people and principles/ideas • WHERE?

  4. Who was Theodore Roosevelt?- His Foreign Policy: 1901-1908“The US should never exercise restraint in international affairs.” • TR was aggressive, confident, combative and self-centered. • TR is considered: • the “first modern US president” • an “American original” • Precedents set by TR: • No president before him was like him • Every president after him is expected to be just like him. • Analyze the following image…

  5. Opening the Door to China

  6. The US solution: The “Open Door Notes”US Secretary of State John Hay • Provisions of OPEN DOOR: • China is an “open door”…any nation can enter • Nations agree to preserve China’s “territorial integrity” – • no colonial claims allowed - ONLY “spheres of influence” • Obey and respect China’s tariff policies so that China benefits • No discrimination between nations within China • Extraterritoriality – China governs its land and its people, but not foreigners. • Nations neither accept nor reject the policy…which means…? • Intent of OPEN DOOR: • To balance POWER in China; no nation assumes more power than others • Precedents set by OPEN DOOR: • US is setting policy for other nations to follow • US is in a role of being mediator in cases of policy violations • US prestige has increased and is recognized as a world power • Increased US “influence” in international affairs • “the 20th century will be the ‘American Century’” -Sen. Albert Beveridge

  7. By-Products of the Open Door Policy • The BOXER REBELLION – Brotherhood of the Righteous Fists (1899-1901): • Chinese rebellion against foreigners that was “put down” by a coalition of foreign forces (“8 Nation Alliance”) • RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR (1904) • Russian troops had been in Manchuria to fight the Boxers and refused to withdraw them afterwards; WHY would they do this? • *Superior Japanese forces attacked (and DESTROYED) the Russian navy • forced the retreat of Russian forces from Manchuria • upset the balance of power in China • Teddy Roosevelt (TR) negotiated the Treaty ofPortsmouth, in which: • Even though Japan won the war, TR asked both to compromise. WHY? • This restored a balance of power in China • 1906 Nobel Peace Prize for TR • Who wins? Who loses? What are the consequences of this treaty?

  8. TR’s Foreign Policy:The Roosevelt Corollary (1904)(or the “BIG STICK” POLICY) • KEY ISSUE: Latin American nations were frequently in debt to European nations. • This caused disorder, instability and poverty in these nations. • TR’s wanted to maintain order, create stability and promote prosperity in the Western Hemisphere. The corollary: • US would INTERVENE as a “policeman” in the event of: • (1) activities “harmful” to the US and the region • (2)potential collapse of a nation’s government • (3) possible intervention by stronger nations - intervene to prevent intervention” • Instrument of intervention: US military (navy). • Bottom line: • US will use the Monroe Doctrine and its military to intervene in Latin America nations. • Our Latin neighbors must be good neighbors and play by our rules…or else… • If nations don’t abide by these rules, the US will intervene to enforce the rules • Sovereign nations not entitled to complete sovereignty.

  9. Some of the Over 35 US Interventions in Latin America(“justified” by Roosevelt Corollary) • 1902-Cuba • 1903-Panama/Colombia • 1912-Nicaragua • 1914-Mexico • 1915-Haiti and Dominican Republic • 1954-Guatemala • 1961-Cuba • 1965-Dominican Republic • 1968-Chile • 1970s-El Salvador • 1981-Nicaragua • 1983-Grenada • 1989-Panama • Present: Colombia, Haiti, (Venezuela??)

  10. The Panama CanalThe final piece of the puzzle: • Why is a canal in the Western Hemisphere necessary? • Clayton-Bulwar Treaty (1850-US and GB)– Agreement by both to never build a canal in central America WITHOUT another nation. • The US wanted the rights to build, operate and control the canal and the land surrounding it. • Challenge: • find a way to get the rights to build the canal, then build it while keeping control over every aspect of the canal and Canal Zone.

  11. Securing the Panama Canal Zone • Canal’s importance was more about US national security than anything else… • The “Diplomatic” Approach – 3 treaties and 1 revolution: • 1. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty(Nov. 1901) • US bought the rights to build a canal from GB for $40M. • 2. Hay-Herran Treaty (Jan. 1903) • offered to pay $10M and $250,000 a year to Colombia to build canal in Panama, which was a part of Columbia • Colombia rejected the treaty. Hay’s “message” to Colombia. • Panamanian “Revolt” (Nov. 1903) • The US “promoted” and supported this revolt against the Colombian government by Panamanian “revolutionaries” using “gunboat” diplomacy. Revolution is a success! • 3. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (Nov.1903) • Panamanian independence guaranteed by the US; canal would be controlled by the US “in perpetuity” under the same terms of the Hay-Herran Treaty. • We build Panama Canal Zone (500 square miles) for trade, have a presence in Latin America and bring our “ideals” to Latin America. • 1977 – The Panama Canal Treaty • The canal zone was returned to Panama on 31 Dec 1999.

  12. Evaluating TR’s Presidency • Treaty of Portsmouth, Treaty of Algeciras, Gentlemen’s Agreement and the Root-Takahira Treaty: • TR wanted a geographic empire and promoted the principles of liberty, order, stability and prosperity. • Roosevelt Corollary became the instrument of Monroe Doctrine, thus aggressivelyenforcing its original intent. • Under it, nations in Latin America were not sovereign unless they obeyed the rules made by the USA. • TR’s foreign policy has had a great impact on US-Latin American relations since 1900 (both positive and negative). • TR’s efforts contributed greatly to the power and prestige of the presidency and the United States. • Had you lived during the era, would you have supported TR as president? • Would you have considered him a “great president”?

  13. President William Howard Taft

  14. US Foreign Policy: President William H. Taft 1909-1913– DOLLAR DIPLOMACY(pages 683 and 684 in American Pageant) • “hand picked” by TR; expected to follow in his path. • Remember: Latin American nations had defaulted on loans from European countries – led to “Big Stick Policy” • Taft’s FP: “Dollar Diplomacy”: • Promoted US economic investment in Asia and Latin America. • Wall St. bankers and wealthy investors were encouraged to preempt foreign investment in Asia and Latin America. • The US military would be used to protect US economic interests as the US dollar replaced the US Navy as the primary instrument of the policy. • Use $, not bullets… • Increased: • commercial and investment opportunities for the US • US financial power • Counterbalanced other nation’s financial power in the world • Resentment in Europe and Latin America towards the US. • Created new “enemies” as nations competed for new markets. • *Accordingly, the US became increasingly isolated from the European powers. • Under Taft, US “economic imperialism” replaced Roosevelt’s expansionism in Asia and Western Hemisphere. • TR’s response to this?

  15. The Election of 1912A “defining moment in US politics” • Upset by Taft’s betrayal, TR, a Republican, decided to run for president…again… • Taft won the Republican nomination for president. • Undeterred, TR formed his own party, “the Bull Moose” or “Progressive” Party and ran for president. • Woodrow Wilson won Democratic party nomination. • You already know who wins the election and why…

  16. The winner: Woodrow Wilson

  17. US Foreign Policy: 1913-1916 - A SHARP Contrast... Woodrow Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” • “Moral Diplomacy”: • US foreign policy should conform to our traditional democratic principles. • US should: • remain out of foreign entanglements/conflicts and remain neutral in international affairs (ESPECIALLY European affairs). • help foster the development of constitutional liberty in the world, advance human rights, create economic opportunity and promote justice. • This approach to diplomacy would restore our prestige around the world and would be true to our own traditions. • Panama Canal Tolls Act- Open use of canal by all nations on an equal basis (1912) • Jones Act (1913)- promised Philippines their independence “as soon as a stable government could be established” and defined status of Puerto Rico (1917). • Haiti and Dominican Republic (1915) – Put down rebellion and stabilized both governments – US remained there for 20 and 10 years respectively to protect US interests and keep France from intervening to protect its interests there. • Mexican Revolution(1913)-US did not intervene to defend our “material interests” in Mexico, but Mexican-American relations deteriorated to the point of near war.

  18. Review: US Imperialism: 1899 - 1916 • The Philippine War • China and Open Door Policy • Boxers, Russo-Japanese war, etc. • Roosevelt: • “Big Stick Policy” (“Bad Neighbor” policy/Roosevelt Corollary) • Panama Canal and US Intervention in the Americas • Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy” • Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy” • TR as an “American original” and “1st modern president” • Which of these 3 presidents (and their foreign policy) would you have supported over the other 2? • Test will cover Chapter 28 (TR); 25 MC questions and 5 historical significance questions.

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