Anita Sego Spring, 2005

1. Anita Sego Spring, 2005

2. Chapter Objectives • Describe the scope of the occupational safety and health problems in the United States and its importance to the community. • Identify some of the pioneers in the prevention of occupational injuries and disease. • Provide a short history of state and federal legislation on occupational safety and health.

3. Chapter Objectives • Explain the difference between occupational injuries and occupational diseases and give several examples of each. • Discuss the types of injuries that frequently occur in the workplace and describe their occurrence with regards to person, place, and time. • Briefly describe broad strategies for preventing injuries in the workplace.

4. Chapter Objectives • Identify the different types of occupational illnesses and disorders and list some of the causative agents. • Outline some general strategies for controlling these diseases. • List several occupational safety and health professions and describe what the professionals in each of these do. • List and briefly describe several occupational safety and health programs for the workplace.

5. Definitions • Occupational disease • an abnormal condition, other than an occupational injury, caused by an exposure to environmental factors associated with employment • Occupational injury • an injury that results from exposure to a single incident in the work environment

6. Occupational Injuries, Diseases, & Deaths • Scope of the Problem • estimated cost of $123 billion annually • 5.7 million injuries and illness during 1999 • 9,000 US workers sustain disabling injuries • 17 die from work related injuries • 137 die from work related diseases • Impact is beyond the workplace

7. History of Occupational Safety and Health Problems • 1561 De Re Metallica • Industrial Revolution • State Legislation • workers’ compensation laws • Federal Legislation • Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

8. Highlights of Federal Occupational Safety & Health Legislation Year Legislation 1908 Federal Workmen’s Compensation Act - limited coverage 1916 Federal Highway Aid Act 1926 Federal Workmen’s Compensation Act- include workers 1927 Federal Longshoremen’s &Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act 1936 Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act 1952 Coal Mine Safety Act 1959 Radiation Standards Act 1960 Federal Hazardous Substances Labeling Act 1966 National Traffic & Motor Vehicle Safety Act Child Protection Act - banned hazardous household substances 1967 National Commission on Product Safety created 1968 Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act 1969 Construction Safety Act Coal Mine Health & Safety Act 1970 Occupational Safety & Health Act

9. Prevalence of Occupational Injuries, Disease, and Deaths • Recent trends • Since 1990 decline in number of injuries and illnesses • Goods-producing sector highest incidence • Workplace injury and illness rates cycle up and down

10. Unintentional Injuries • Fatal Work-related Injuries • 17 fatal work-related injuries/day • Nonfatal Work-related Injuries • 3.6 million occupational injuries and illnesses were treated in emergency rooms in 1996 • Characteristics of Works • Age • injuries highest for 18 - 19 year old • death rates highest for 65+ year old • Gender • Poverty and Race

11. Workplace Fatalities 1999

12. Unintentional Injuries • Geographic Differences • Alaska and Wyoming highest rates • Connecticut lowest rate • Temporal Variations • 81% decline in injuries death between 1912 - 1999

13. Workplace Injuries by Industry and Occupation • Fatal injuries by industry • mining • agriculture • construction • transportation • Nonfatal occupational injuries • goods-producing • service-producing

14. Prevention and Control of Unintentional Injuries in the Workplace • Reduction of injuries by: • eliminating or modifying the job • changing the work environment • making machinery safer • improving the selection, training, and education of workers

15. Workplace Violence • Categories • Criminal intent • Customer/client • Worker-on-worker • Personal relationship • Risk Factors • location • time • type of work

16. Workplace Violence • Prevention Strategies • Environmental Design • separate worker • better lighting • security system • Administrative Controls • policies • procedures • Behavior Strategies • training

17. Occupational Illnesses and Disorders • Musculoskeletal Conditions • repeated trauma • Skin Disease & Disorders • allergic and irritant dermatitis • Noise-induced Hearing Loss • Respiratory Disorders • chronic nature • difficulty to recognize • Other Work-Related Diseases and Disorders • poisoning and infections • anxiety, stress, or neurotic disorders

18. Agent-host-environment model Identification and evaluation of agents Procedures Engineering controls Protective devices Surveillance Prevention and Control of Occupational Diseases and Disorders Host Agent Environment

19. Safety & Health Professionals Safety Engineers and certified safety professional Health Physicists Industrial Hygienists Occupational Physicians Occupational Health Nurse Occupational Safety and Health Programs Disease Prevention Programs Safety Programs Health Promotion Programs Employee Assistance Programs Resources for Prevention

20. Chapter 18 Safety and Health in the Workplace