Wood Shop: Fasteners, Joinery, & Adhesives Metal Shop: Fasteners, Joinery, & Adhesives

1. Manufacturing Technology • Wood Shop: Fasteners, Joinery, & Adhesives • Metal Shop: Fasteners, Joinery, & Adhesives • Plastic Shop: Fasteners, Welding, & Bonding

2. Manufacturing Technology Wood Shop: Fasteners, Joinery, & Adhesives

3. Joinery The process of connecting or joining two pieces of wood together through the use of various forms of wood joints. In basic materials processing, common forms of joinery include dovetail joints, mortise-and-tenon joints, biscuit joints, lap joints, and spline joints.

4. Butt Joint An easy but often weak technique for joining two boards together simply by gluing and pressing two flat surfaces together. Typically made by gluing an end to an adjoining flat surface.

5. Biscuit Joint A butt joint that is reinforced with football- or lozenge-shaped wooden "biscuits." Biscuits are usually made from compressed wood, frequently birch wood. When the biscuit comes into contact with glue in the biscuit slot, it swells thus creating a tighter joint. Sometimes called a plate joint.

6. Dado Joint A joint where one piece is grooved to receive the piece which forms the other part of the joint. Dado (definition) A groove which is cut across the grain to receive the butt end or edge of a second piece.

7. Dovetail Joint Joining two boards in which alternating slots (or tails) and protrusions (or pins), each resembling in shape the v-shaped outline of a bird's tail, are snugly fitted together, thus increasing the gluing area. Produces a joint that, even without glue, can be difficult to pull apart. Regarded as one of the strongest and most reliable forms of wood joinery.

8. Lap Joint A joint where one piece of wood is crossed over another.

9. Miter Joint The woodworking joint created when two boards are cut at an angle to one another. The most common miter joint is the 45-degree miter such as the cuts used to build square or rectangular picture frames.

10. Mortise-and-Tenon Joint A joinery technique where the cut end (tenon) from one board fits into the matching opening (mortise) of another. Mortise (definition) An opening chiseled, drilled or routed into a board to receive the end of an intersecting board. The opening or socket that receives the tenon in the classic woodworker's mortise-and-tenon joint. The female part of a mortise-and-tenon joint. Tenon (definition) The end of a board, cut to a specific size and shape, that is inserted into the mortise, or opening, in a second board. The male part of a mortise-and-tenon joint.

11. Rabbet Joint A joinery technique where an “L” groove across the end of the edge of one piece of wood fits into a edge or end of another board with an “L” groove. Rabbet (definition) A rectangular, stepped recess cut along the edge of a section of wood. (May be used as a verb or noun.)

12. Scarf Joint A joinery technique where two wedge-shaped pieces have been cut to correspond to one another.

13. Finger Joint A joinery technique used mostly in industry where small “fingers” are cut into corresponding pieces that will be joined together. Finger joints are used to making wide boards, in extending the length of dimensional lumber, and in laminated construction.

14. Key (or Biscuit) A small, flat lozenge-shaped dowel for edge or corner-jointing. Wood biscuits are fitted into slots that are created with a biscuit jointer. Dowel pin Pegs of wood that fit into two matching holes to strengthen a joint. Spline A thin piece of wood that fits in the mating grooves cut into two pieces of wood. Joinery Reinforcements

15. Wood Fasteners What fastener is best to use? There are a few questions you need ask to determine which type of fastener you need to use. What materials need to be joined? Wood, metal and masonry all require different fasteners. What is the thickness of the material to be joined? For a secure connection, the fastener must be the correct length. What weight or strength requirements are there? From framing a house to hanging a picture, there's a fastener for the job. How permanent will the connection be? If the work will be disassembled at some point, use a screw. Will the work be indoors or outdoors? There are specific fasteners for both types of applications.

16. Nails The nail has been around for thousands of years. The first versions were heat-forged. When machinery entered the picture, they were cut from sheets of metal. Today, most nails are drawn and cut from rolls of wire.

17. Nail Size Nails are sold by weight or length. Wood nails are measured, or sized, according to length. This is expressed by the letter "d" (called penny). The symbol is English, signifying a pound in weight, related to the weight in pounds of 1000 nails. Sizes run from 2d (2-penny/1" long) to 60d. Nails generally are 1" to 6" in length, usually getting thicker as they get longer. Nails larger than 6" are sometimes called spikes.

18. Nail Styles Nail points vary, but the four-sided diamond point is the standard point found on most nails. Nail heads also vary. Smaller heads can be driven in and painted over. Large framing nails have corrugated heads to reduce the danger of a hammer slipping and causing injury or damage. Regular wood nails are often referred to as wire nails.

19. Common Nail Thick, heavy-duty, general-purpose nail. Large, flat head for performing rough work such as construction framing.

20. Box Nail Short, thin shaped nail with a blunt tip. Used to fasten smaller stock when common nails are too large.

21. Finishing Nail Small nail with cupped head for fastening trim when nail heads should not show. Can be countersunk with a nailset, then filled over.

22. Brad Smaller version of the finishing nail up to about 1" long. Used for detail work such as attaching molding or trim.

23. Casing Nail Similar to finishing nail, but thicker and heavier. Used to attach case molding or rough trim where strength and concealment are required.

24. Tack Very short nail with relatively large head and very sharp point. Used to fasten upholstery or carpet or to perform other light fastening jobs.

25. Upholstery Tacks Short nails with ornamental or colored heads. Used for attaching upholstery where fasteners will show.

26. Screws For fastening, screws are stronger than nails. They can be removed with less damage to the material (especially wood) than nails. When using with wood, best practice is to pre-drill a “pilot” hole to guide the screw into position.

27. Screw Slot Types Slotted Conventional single-groove screwhead. Applied with a flathead screwdriver. Phillips Cross-slotted screwheads with U or V-Shaped slots of uniform width. Driven with a Phillips screwdriver. Torx™ Require special drivers with six point heads. Commonly used in electronics, metal or automotive applications.

28. Screw Head & Thread Types Head Types Oval Lower portion is countersunk and top is rounded. Easier to remove & better looking than flathead screws. Round Used where the fastened piece is too thin to permit countersinking. Also used on parts that may require a washer. Flat Used in applications where the head needs to be flush with the surface. Slotted and Phillips type are available. Thread Styles Fine-thread Work best for hardwoods. Coarse-thread Intended for soft woods.

29. Wood Glues & Adhesives By definition, glue is made from animal byproducts such as skins and bones. An adhesive is any product that joins materials together. Today, the words "glue" and "adhesive" have become interchangeable. Natural Glues are made from animal byproducts (hide glue and casein) or plant sources (paste, cellulose and rubber). 
 Synthetic Adhesives include polyvinyl acetate (PVA), aliphatic resin, contact cement, hot melt, and polyurethane. Whether natural or synthetic, the bond is formed as the liquid dries and hardens. Adhesives are often used in conjunction with fasteners to strengthen wood joints.

30. Animal Glues Used mostly for furniture making and woodworking. They are easy to work with, but less resistant to heat or cold. Hide glue Made from bones, hoofs and skin from animals and fish. Dry form is mixed and heated (in a glue pot) into a gelatinous mixture that is applied with brush. Casein Made from milk, powdered and reformulated with water. Creates a waterproof bond.

31. White Glue (polyvinyl acetate) For wood, engineered wood, paper, crafts and simple projects. Most commonly available in plastic squeeze bottles. Begins to set within one hour, dries clear. Has easy clean up, doesn't stain, nontoxic, nonflammable. Is not waterproof. Requires work to be clamped for best results.

32. Yellow or Carpenter’s Glue (aliphatic resin) For woodworking. "Refined" version of PVA. Packaged in squeeze bottles. Varieties typically come in yellow or brown. Begins to set within 15 minutes. Water-resistant nontoxic, nonflammable. More resistant to temperature and water than white glue. Work needs to be clamped for best results. Used for indoor and outdoor applications.

33. Contact Cement For bonding wood veneer and plastic laminates to countertops. Water-resistant. Applied to both surfaces needing to be bonded. After a designated curing time, the two work pieces are put together. Forms an instant bond, leaving no margin for error. Water-based versions are nonflammable.

34. Hot Melt For crafts, general projects and repair. Requires an electric glue gun. Adhesive is a 2-4" glue stick that is inserted into the gun. Heat converts solid to liquid for application. Begins to set in about a minute as it cools and solidifies. Fills gaps for good adhesion.

35. Polyurethane For woodworking. Synthetic plastic-based material. Requires moistening of one or both sides of the materials to be joined. Creates a strong bond. Can be difficult to clean up.

36. Manufacturing Technology Metal Shop: Fasteners, Joinery, & Adhesives

37. Fasteners Metal assemblies are often held together with fasteners, hardware devices that mechanically join or affix two or more objects together. Assembling with most types of fasteners allows components to be repeatedly assembled and disassembled. This is important where a product is expected to undergo modifications, repairs, or where it may provide access into an assembly.

38. Bolts Threaded shafts that use a threaded nut to fasten metal together. Bolts are sized by length and thread. Bolts are stronger than screws. Bolts are classified by the type of head. Stove bolts and machine screws (actually bolts) are turned with a screwdriver. Hexagonal- and square-head bolts are held in place with a wrench while the nut is turned to tighten.

39. Types of Bolts Carriage bolt Smooth round head & course thread that starts part way down the shaft. Usually used to attach a wooden part to metal. Machine bolt Hexagonal head & only partially threaded. Used for precision attachment using threads to secure materials together. Tap bolt Similar to a machine bolt but the whole body is threaded. Stove bolt Round or flat head with course thread along the whole body. General purpose fastener used when precision fit is not necessary. Stud bolt No head and threaded on both ends. One end is driven into material & the other end is left exposed so that other parts can be fastened to it.

40. Types of Machine Screws Machine & cap screws Come with a variety of head & thread types. Used for precision fit into thread holes in metal. Setscrew Made with square heads or no heads. Typically used for safety reasons to hold a sleeve, collar or gear on a shaft to prevent relative motion. Thumbscrews Has one or two wings or a knurled head. Used where a screw must be turned by hand using the thumb and a finger.

41. Sheet Metal Screws Short thick screws that are self-threading (cut or form their own threads as driven into soft metals). Used in the economical assembly of sheet metal. Threaded all the way down the shank. Come in a variety of head types depending on application.

42. Lag Screw Bolt is a bolt head with a screw body. Has either a square or hexagonal head. Used in fastening where maximum holding power is needed (i.e.- holding a vice to to a work bench).

43. Nuts Type of hardware fastener with a threaded hole. Usually hexagonal to permit tightening with a wrench but may also be square, knurled, winged or otherwise shaped. Along with a bolt, nuts are designed to capture and fasten objects together.

44. Type of Nuts Machine screw nut (Hex nut) Square or hexagonal shaped with fine or course thread. Jam nut (Lock nut) Thinner than an ordinary nut. Used as a lock to keep another nut from loosening. Castle nut Has slots cut into the top of the nut that extend upward making it look like a castle. A hex nut with a slightly reduced slotted cylindrical section on one end. Used with a cotter pin to prevent loosening. Wing nut A nut with two thin flat wings. Used in place of a regular nut and can be turned with the thumb and forefinger.

45. Washers Placed under the bolt head or the nut for a firmer fasten. Designed to protect the surface under a bolt or nut. Used to spread load of a mechanical connection out over a greater area.

46. Type of Washers Plain washers Circular, small flat piece to widen the bearing surface of a bolt head or nut. Measured by the diameter of the bolt that fits into it. Lock washer Used to lock a nut or screw in place, prevent it from moving from vibrations. Helical spring - looks like a coil from a spring that tightens when applied to prevent movement. Toothed – has teeth that wedge into bearing surface when applied to prevent movement.

47. Pins Used to hold mechanical parts together or limit travel of moving parts. Cotter pin Made of soft wire. Placed through a hole in a bolt behind a castle nut to prevent the nut from turning. Tapered pin Used to hold a collar or pulley against a shaft. Roll pins Made from sheet steel that is rolled into a tube. Driven into holes slightly larger than a standard hole size so they grip tightly when pounded in.

48. Keys Used to keep pulleys and gears from moving on shafts. Half the key fits into the keyway (a slot on the shaft), the other half fits into a slot that is on the pulley or gear. Square key Most commonly used. Gib-head key Toothed key that is useful when you need to remove the key from one side of the pulley or gear. Can be removed with a wedge. Woodruff key Semicircular in shape and fits a matching semicircular pocket in the shaft. Key becomes locked in position and cannot be knocked loose due to vibration.

49. Joining Metal As with wood, there are many ways of joining metal permanently. The method used will depend on the function of the product, the strength needed and the quality of the product. There are several ways of joining metal permanently. riveting soldering and brazing welding The later two of these techniques rely upon heat. With soldering and brazing, the two metals are joined by melting a second metal between them. With welding, the two metals are melted and fused together.

50. Rivets Metal pins that look like bolts with no threads. Used to hold pieces together permanently. Used when fastening metals together that are not easily welded, or where welding is not practical.