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Geometrical properties of cross-sections

Geometrical properties of cross-sections. Strength of Materials. Introduction. The strength of a component of a structure is dependent on the geometrical properties of its cross section in addition to its material and other properties.

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Geometrical properties of cross-sections

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  1. Geometrical properties of cross-sections Strength of Materials

  2. Introduction • The strength of a component of a structure is dependent on the geometrical properties of its cross section in addition to its material and other properties. • For example, a beam with a large cross section will, in general, be able to resist a bending moment more readily than a beam with a smaller cross-section.

  3. Example Shapes

  4. Centroid • The position of the centroid of a cross-section is the centre of the moment of area of the cross section. • If the cross-section is constructed from a homogeneous material, its centroid will lie at the same position as its centre of gravity.

  5. First moment of Area • Consider an area A located in the x-y plane. Denoting by x and y the coordinates of an element of area d.A, we define the first moment of the area A with respect to the x axis as the integral • Similarly, the first moment of the area A with respect to the y axis is defined as the integral

  6. First moment of Area • It can be conclude that if x and y passes through the centroid of the area of A, then the first moment of the area of Sx and Sy will be zero.

  7. Second moment of Area • The second moments of area of the lamina about the x - x and y - y axes, respectively, are given by

  8. Second moment of Area • From the theorem of Phytagoras : • known as the perpendicular axes theorem which states that the sum of the second moments of area of two mutually perpendicular axes of a lamina is equal to the polar second moment of area about a point where these two axes cross.

  9. Parallel axes theorem knownas the parallel axes theorem, which states that the second moment of area about the X-X axis is equal to the second moment of area about the x-x axis + h2 x A, where x-x and X-X are parallel.

  10. Example 01 • Determine the second moment of area of the rectangular section about its centroid (x-x) axis and its base (X-X) axis. Hence or otherwise, verify the parallel axes theorem.

  11. Answer

  12. Example 02 • Determine the second moment of area about x-x, of the circular cross-section. Using the perpendicular axes theorem, determine the polar second moment of area, namely ‘J’

  13. Answer

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