1 / 30

An Introduction to ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

An Introduction to ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Lesson 1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. The study of compounds which contain carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds Organic compounds must have C-H bonds Carbon can form total of 4 covalent bonds can form double, triple or single bonds

hila
Download Presentation

An Introduction to ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. An Introduction to ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Lesson 1

  2. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY • The study of compounds which contain carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds • Organic compounds must have C-H bonds • Carbon • can form total of 4 covalent bonds • can form double, triple or single bonds • they can also form polar covalent bonds and compounds

  3. RECALL… • Electronegativity is the measure of an atom’s pull on electrons • For example: δ+ C=O δ- • Shape determine overall polarity of molecules • Molecules that are symmetrical are NON POLAR • Molecules that are asymmetrical are POLAR • For example H O=C=O C Cl Cl Cl Symmetrical = Non Polar Asymmetrical = Polar

  4. TYPES OF HYDROCARBONS • Hydrocarbons-contain hydrogen and carbon atoms • Can be • Aromatic • Aliphatic

  5. AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS • contain aromatic benzene rings • Benzene = 6 carbon ring with 3 double bonds

  6. ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS • contain C atoms bonded in chains or rings • Example: CH3-CH2-CH3 or

  7. ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS (Chains) 1) Alkane – hydrocarbons that have onlysingle bonds Example: 2) Alkene- hydrocarbons with at least 1 double bond Example:

  8. ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS (Chains) 3) Alkyne- hydrocarbon with at least 1 triple bond • Example:

  9. ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS (Rings) 4) Cycloalkane- hydrocarbonsin a ring

  10. REPRESENTING ORGANIC MOLECULES • Molecular formula: C2H6O • Expanded formula: CH3CH2OH • Structural Diagram: • Condensed structural diagram: CH3-CH2-OH • Line structural diagram:

  11. NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS • IUPAC Rules- pg 13-14 Prefix + Root + Suffix Indicates the name and location of each branch of functionalgroup Tells you how many carbons are in the main chain Indicates the family

  12. THE ROOT: How long is the Main Chain?

  13. THE SUFFIX: • Indicates the family

  14. PREFIX • What is attached to the main chain? • Indicates name and location of each branch and functional group on main carbon chain

  15. Example 1 1 2 3 4 Longest chain has 4 carbons: Root is But Single bonds main chain (Alkane family) : Suffix is ane Name: but + ane butane

  16. Example 2 Longest Chain has 3 carbons: Root = Prop Branching chain on carbon # 2 Prefix: 2-methyl Single Bonds main chain (Alkane): Suffix- ane 2-methylpropane

  17. Example 3 Longest chain has 7 carbons: Root is Hept Branching chain on Carbon 3 Prefix: 3-methyl Single bonds main chain (Alkane) : Suffix is ane 3-methylheptane

  18. Example 4 Longest chain has 6 Carbons: Root is Hex Two branching chains: 2 carbons (ethyl) & 1 carbon (methyl) Single bonds main chain (Alkane) Suffix: ane Use lowest numbering for the branching chain and place in alphabetic order 4-ethyl-2-methylhexane Prefixes

  19. Example 5 Longest chain has 4 carbons: Root name: But One double bond in main chain (ALKENE) Suffix: ene Give the lowest number to the double bond 2- butene

  20. Example 6 • Longest chain has 5 carbons: Root is pent • One double bond in main chain (Alkene) • suffix: -ene • Branching chain (1 carbon) at carbon 2 • Prefix is methyl 2-methyl-3-pentene

  21. Example 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 • Longest chain has 7 carbons: Root is Hept • Two double bonds in main chain (Alkene) • Suffix: diene (because there are 2 double bonds) 2,5-heptediene

  22. Example 8 • Longest chain has 7 carbons: Root is Hept • One double bond in main chain (Alkene) • suffix: -ene • Two branching chain with one carbon each (at C2 and C5): • Prefix is dimethyl 2,5-dimethyl-3-heptene

  23. Example 9 4 3 5 2 1 • Number of carbons in ring is 5: Root name: pent • Single bonds in ring (alkane) • suffix: ane • Ring: cyclo cyclopentane

  24. FYI • Numbers are always separated using commas Ex: 2,3 • Letters and numbers are always separated using dashes (-) Ex: 2-methyl • Ex: 2,3,3-trimethyloctane or 2,3- dimethyl-4-nonene

  25. STRUCTURAL ISOMERS • molecules with same molecular formula but different molecular structure • Example: C2H6O

  26. GEOMETRIC ISOMERS • Occur due to restricted rotation in a molecule. • C=C molecule cannot rotate around the double bond • Therefore different geometric isomers are formed. • Example: cis-2-butene trans-2-butene

  27. FYI • trans isomer • from latin meaning "across" - as in transatlantic • cis isomer • from latin meaning "on this side"

  28. Rotation on single vs double bond

  29. GENERAL FORMULA Rfunctional group Example: CH3-CH2-OH R-alkyl group functional group alkyl group or main Carbon chain responsible for physical and chemical properties

  30. PRESENTATION WORK PERIOD

More Related