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Marine Mammals

Marine Mammals. Comparative Analysis By Dr. M. & Mr. K. 1.) Most are viviparous. 2.) Have mammary glands which produce milk to feed young. 3.) Young are usually altricial and need to be cared for by parents for a while. 4.) Are endo thermic . Traits.

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Marine Mammals

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  1. Marine Mammals Comparative Analysis By Dr. M. & Mr. K.

  2. 1.) Most are viviparous.2.) Have mammary glands which produce milk to feed young.3.) Young are usually altricial and need to be cared for by parents for a while.4.) Are endothermic. Traits

  3. 5.) Most are carnivorous (not marine manatee).6.) Have well developed organ systems, especially the nervous system.7.) Many are covered with fur, but some are not.8.) Top feeders in Marine food chain. Traits

  4. PINNIPEDS • Are fin footed mammals • Are covered with fur • Are excellent swimmers • Are descendants of felines

  5. Family’s of Pinnipeds • True seals • Sea Lions and Fur Seals • Walruses

  6. TRUE SEALS • Have no external ears • Hind flippers are permanently oriented backwards • Wiggle on their bellies on land and swim via undulations of the body

  7. TRUE SEAL Fur coat No external ear flaps FLIPPERS Seal molting clip

  8. SEA LIONS AND FUR SEALS • Have visible ears • Hind flippers that can be rotated forward for use as limbs on land • Walkor gallop on land and swim via powerful strokes of their front flippers

  9. WALRUSES • Have no external ears • Hind legs rotate forward • Only 1 species which lives in the artic ocean • Eat shellfish and krill • Have tusks • Have air sacs in neck that can be inflated

  10. PINNIPEDS ON PARADE

  11. PINNIPEDDIET • Most Pinnipeds eat: • Fish • Squid • Octopus • Other invertebrates

  12. PINNIPEDS ARE PREYED UPON BY • Killer whales • White sharks • Other large sharks • Lice • Internal parasites

  13. DIVING ADAPTATIONS IN PINNIPEDS • Store oxygen in muscles • Have more blood than land animals in proportion to their body size • Can direct blood flow to only vital organs • Can slowheartbeat to use less oxygen • Have a thick layer of blubber to protect them from the cold • Have bigger lungs • Can slowmetabolism

  14. PINNIPED MATING • Practice Harem Mating -a male defends a stretch of territory and mates with many females • Females give birth within the males territory • Some males are excluded and live in bachelor groups

  15. PINNIPED MATING • Giant Belligerent males mate with small females • Males engage in pushing, biting , and bluffing contest • Old males who lose disappear and are never seen again

  16. PINNIPED LIFE CYCLES • Females give birth to 1 pup then leaves the pup on land to feed at sea • She returns once a week for a day long nursing session • Pups enter the water 4 weeks after birth • Males leave the island 1st, then females and pups leave in November for coasts south

  17. HOW PINNIPEDS BENEFIT HUMANS • Provide food • Retrieve missiles for navy • Retrieve traps and tools • Entertainment

  18. WHAT IS A WHALE?

  19. TRAITS OF CETACEANS (WHALES) • Mammary glands • Endothermic • Viviparous • Smooth skin • Blubber under skin

  20. KINDS OF WHALES • Odontecti - toothed whales • Mysteceti - baleen whales

  21. EVOLUTION OF WHALES

  22. Characteristics of Odonteceti • Conical shaped teeth • Smaller than mysteceti • Are carnivorous (eat fish, squid, etc.) • Can dive up to 2000 m • Can breath hold up to 90 minutes • Over 65 species • Sperm whale is largest toothed whale (65 feet)

  23. Odonteceti continued • Communicate while hunting • Live and travel in groups called pods • Some mate for life • Females and offspring travel in groups with last year’s offspring • Some older males live in bachelor groups • Oldest males like Moby Dick live solitary lives • May migrate - wintering near equator and summering near poles

  24. Traits of Odonteceti

  25. Teeth of odonteceti

  26. WHALES HUNTING

  27. Dolphins Have beaks Conical teeth 4m in length Extroverted Sociable Live in groups Porpoises No beaks Spade shaped teeth Reach 2m Introverted or in pairs DOLPHIN AND PORPOISE DIFFERENCES

  28. Dolphin and Porpoise Differences • Dolphin • Porpoise

  29. The family Dephinidae includes Pilot whales Belugas Killer Whales Bottlenose Dolphins

  30. FLUKESFLUKES • Each lobe of the tail is a fluke • Flukes have no bones or muscles • Muscles of back and caudal peduncle move flukes • Spread of flukes=20% of body length • Arteries and veins are oriented in a countercurrent system

  31. COUNTERCURRENT SYSTEM

  32. Dolphin’s Head • Well defined rostrum (snout) • Conical interlocking teeth designed for grasping • 71-104 teeth • Eyes are on the side of the head near the corners of the mouth • Ears are located behind the eyes. Small openings with no external flap

  33. DOLPHINSENSES • EXCELLENT VISION IN AND OUT OF WATER • Eyes have rods (black and white) and cones (color vision) • Skin is sensitive to touch • Have taste buds • No olfactory bulb, possibly no sense of smell

  34. DOLPHIN SWIMMING • Regularly swim at 3 - 7 mph • Burst of up to 40 mph • Regularly dive 10 - 150 feet • Deepest trained dive up to 1,800 feet • Average of 1 - 6 breaths per minute • Dives can last 8 - 10 minutes

  35. ADAPTATIONS FOR DIVING • Heartbeat is reduced • Blood is directed to vital organs (heart, lungs, and brain) • Muscles have myoglobin, which stores oxygen and helps prevent oxygen deficiency

  36. Adaptations for diving

  37. DOLPHIN RESPIRATION • A dolphin exchanges 80 - 90 % of the air in its lungs with each breath (humans exchange 17%) • Dolphins inhale and exhale in less than 2 seconds • Water vapor is expelled through the blow hole

  38. DOLPHIN SLEEP • Russian studies show that dolphins may have deep sleep in one hemisphere at a time.

  39. DOLPHIN BODY REGULATION • Body Temperature is 98.4 0F • Body Fat is about 18 - 20 %

  40. DOLPHIN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION • Live in groups called pods(2 - 20 in pods) • Pods are based on age, sex, and familial relations • Mature females and offspring • Mature males and sub adult males • Hunt together in teams • Have dating rituals and friendships • Express emotion

  41. Social Behavior

  42. FOOD • Eat fish, squid, and crustaceans • Eat 4 - 6% of body weight daily • Do not chew their food but swallow it whole head first so spines won’t catch in their throat

  43. REPRODUCTION • Gestation is 12 months • Worldwide calves are born all year • Usually give birth to 1 calf every 2 years • Calves are 42 - 48 inches and weigh 25 - 40 lb. • Calves may nurse for 12 - 18 months 2 - 3 hrs a day 1 minute at a time • Dolphin milk is 17% fat, 10% protein, 71% water. (human is 4.5% fat, 1.1% protein and 87.4% water)

  44. ECHOLOCATION IN DOLPHINS • Air sacs - make clicks • Melon - focuses clicks • Lower jaw - detects returning sounds

  45. ECHOLOCATION IN DOLPHINSpage 2 • Used to sense landscape in the dark • Used to locate prey • May be used to locate one another • May be used to stun prey • Works like sonar • Echolocation video

  46. Echolocation in a Sperm Whale • Blowhole • Frontal Air Sac • Distal Air Sac • D. Monkey’s Muzzle

  47. ECHOLOCATION • Gives the whale a detailed picture of the seascape • Allows whales to dive to depths of 2,000 meters to locate prey and avoid injury in total darkness

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