CONCEPT AND MEANING

1. CONCEPT AND MEANING The word ‘motive’ is derived from Latin word that means ‘to move’, ‘to energize’ or ‘to activate’. the study of motivation gain a scientific status in recent times and working jointly with physiologists the psychologists consider and study motivation as the conditions that arouse, sustain, and direct behavior. Motivation is the core concept to describe and understand behavior. It is primary source of learning. Motivation explains ‘why’ of behavior because it is responsible for both internal and external activity. It excites, intensifies, directs, and continues the behavior. It is the powerful tool to explain behavior. It is considered as a physiological process with tremendous social and psychological significance.

2. DEFINITIONS OF MOTIVATION Motivation refers to a state of the organism in which the bodily energy is mobilized and selectively directed towards the parts of the environment – Newcomb. Motivation is the process of arousing, sustaining, and regulating activity. Good. Motivation refers to any inner condition of the individual that initiates or directs behavior toward a special goal. Coleman. the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior. (Franken, 1994).

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTIVATION Form the above definitions of motivation the characteristics of motivated behaviour can be given as follow: an internal condition of the organism. arouses initiates and continues an activity. energised behaviour. selective. Purposeful and goal directed. shows continuity until goal is achieved. Motivated behavior is changeable

4. MOTIVATIONAL SEQUENCE/CYCLE Need: Deprivation of basic needs i.e., food, water, and sleep, etc. develops tissue needs – a biochemical requirements of the body. Need is a tension within an organism that tends to organize the field of organism with respect to certain incentives or goals and to incite activity towards their attainment. Need is the first condition for goal directed behaviour. Drive: Need give rise to drive. Drive means energy to acts. The activity persists until the need is satisfied. Drive is a physiological state and an original source of energy for activation. Drive gives rise to incentive. Incentive: Incentive is an object, a situation for activity which excites, maintains, and directs behaviour. It is a reinforcer without which motivation cannot be fulfilled. Motivated behavior is directed toward an incentive. It is provides satisfaction. Food is an incentive to hungry man. Goal: Consumptive behavior to reduce the drive and fulfill the need is goal of need-driven behavior. Eating food and restoring body balance is goal for the hungry people.

5. HOMEOSTASIS: INTERNAL BODY MAINTENANCE Human body has the capacity to maintain a stable internal environment, particularly with regard to chemical composition. The body always attempt to keep the condition of the blood proportion of water, salt, oxygen, carbon dioxide, acidity, sugar, protein, fats, and glandular secretions in proper balance. Body system of maintaining internal environment stable is called Homeostasis. Homeostasis refers to the restoration of this physiological balance or equilibrium. The maintenance and restorative function of the body produces equilibrium in the internal environment of the body thus avoiding the threat to life.

6. TYPES OF MOTIVATION PRIMARY MOTIVATION 1. Related to body, vital physiological need, fulfillment is indespensible and primary importance. Survival depends on fulfillment of these needs. 2. Two types of primary motivations: individual survival and species survival. Without food, water, sleep and excretion the individual will not survive. Similarly, without sex the individual might survive but the species will not exist. Need is also important for the protection of life and species. 3. If PNeeds not fulfilled, or frustrated, the equilibrium of the body and mind will be disintegrated. Disquilibrium should be restored by satisfying needs. 4. Procedures to satisfy are influenced by learning and socio-cultural factors. For example, the desire to eat is innate, but what type of food is to take, how to take, and when to take is determined by learning, training, cultural background and social influence. 5. Some of the important primary needs are as follow: Hunger, Thirst, Sex, Sleep, Elimination, Curiosity, Maternal need, Love, Anger, Combat motive, Fear, etc.

7. TYPES OF MOTIVATION SECONDARY MOTIVATION (social, learned or complex motivations) 1. These motives result mainly form man’s interaction with his social environment. These include : power, prestige Need for praise, recognition and status, Mastery motive, Aggressive need, Self-submission, Gregariousness, Imitation, Sympathy, Life goal, Level of aspiration and need for achievement, Interest, etc. These motives are not innate so people can survive physically without them but it will almost impossible to live socially. Importance and value of secondary motives vary in different societies. Social needs are important aspects to provide some insight of the people and community. These motives are persisting characteristics of a person because they are learned. The strength of these motives differs individual to individual and culture to culture.

8. INSTINCT THEORY OF MOTIVATION An instinct is an universal, unlearned, fixed patterns of behavior, species-specific behavior. It is genetically encoded behavior patterns People and animals are born with preprogrammed sets of behaviors essential to their survival. Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory led psychologists to assumed that human beings are motivated by instincts and classified all types of behaviours as instincts. It is an evolutionary perspective/evolutionary psychology Instinct provide energy that channels behavior in appropriate directions (sex is response to an instinct for reproduction; exploratory behavior motivated by instinct to examine one's territory). William McDougall (1908)I identified 18 instincts. Sociologists claim exactly 5759 instincts (Bernard, 1924). Complex human behavior as result of learning cannot be explained through instinct. Instinct theory (e.g., Freud's instinctual drives of sex and aggression motivate behavior – suicide) is still exist in some theories. E.g., evolutionary psychologists regard many behaviors are produced by genetic makeup and plays important role in directing behavior. Instinct theory only describes behavior, does not explain It cannot provide explanation for learned behavior

9. DRIVE ‘PUSH’ THEORY inner ‘drive’ that determine behaviour - Robert Woodworth in 1918. Drive was defined in a biological term as energy released from an organism’s store. It was conceived as fuel of action. It is an internal state created by physiological need. Clark Hull in 1943 developed drive-reduction theory and related it with homeostasis because he assumed that an organism is driven to maintain homeostasis or a balance among the systems and processes of the body. Main idea: when a physiological system is unbalanced, homeostasis is imbalanced, this creates a phychological “drive,” which prompts us to take action that will restore balance (and reduce the drive). The theory is based on the concept of homeostasis Drive activates the response of goal-directed behavior. An organism behave to reduce drives/arousal

10. PULL ‘INCENTIVE’ THEORY Cognitive perspective and an Incentive approach Bolles in 1975 introduced this view of motivation which is different than drive theory. It was found while experimenting with the rats that many times the goal (incentive) itself motivates the behaviour. Incentive approach is a theory that explains motivation in terms of external stimuli. Behavior is not always motivated by internal need or arousal (i.e., hunger or thirst). Delicious food (external stimulus/incentive or anticipated reward) make us eating it. Stimuli pull the person to act. Incentives (external stimuli) direct and energize behavior. External stimuli largely accounts for person's behavior. This theory does not provide a complete explanation. Even without incentive organism seeks to fulfill needs. behavior is motivated by the goal the organism seeks to attain

11. MASLOW’S THEORY Abraham Maslow (1954) presents a hierarchy of needs model which can be divided into basic (or deficiency) needs (e.g. physiological, safety, love, and esteem) and growth needs (cognitive, aesthetics and self-actualization). 

13. Basic needs must be satisfied to progress on to meet higher level growth needs.  Once these needs have been reasonably satisfied, one may be able to reach the highest level called self-actualization. • Every person is capable and has the desire to move up the hierarchy toward a level of self-actualization.  Unfortunately, progress is often disrupted by failure to meet lower level needs.

14. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN NEEDS ARE NOT FULFILLED?

15. Aggression is defined as an action with the intent to harm, and can be physical and non-physical (Baron, & Richardson, 1994). There are many areas where aggression manifests in our society today, such as domestic violence, abuse, school bullying, road-rage, and war. • Magnitude of Frustration is the intensity of blocking goal directed behavior. According to Dollard’s Frustration-Aggression Theory, how intense the situation, for it may become the antecedent to an aggressive act (1994).

16. Deprivation, injustice, ignore, discrepancy, may frustrate the group. • The source of frustration can be either overt (outward or physical) or covert (inward or mental-socio-psychological). • Mass frustration, delusion and outburst can occur. • Minority group, “other different” can be targetted. • Search for scapegoat.