International Harmonized Research Activities: Intelligent Transport Systems

1. International Harmonized Research Activities:Intelligent Transport Systems Y. Ian Noy, Ph.D., P.Eng., CPE Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation Directorate Transport Canada 330 Sparks St.., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0N5 Tel: (613) 998-2268 Fax: (613) 998-4831 NOYI@tc.gc.ca TransportCanada

2. Purpose • To introduce IHRA-ITS work • To explore opportunities to liaise with GRRF in areas of common interest

3. Positioning & tracking Digital maps Communication links Microprocessors Image processors Information databases Traffic management Traffic monitoring Smart cards Automated aids Intelligent Transport Systems Transportation Objectives • Reduce congestion • Improve safety • Increase efficiency • Improve comfort • Improve transit services • Reduce fuel consumption • Reduce emissions

4. Vehicle-Based Driver Assistance and Crash Avoidance Systems • Vision enhancement & visual range warning • Intelligent speed adaptation • Adaptive cruise control • Collision warning (e.g., lane departure, rear-end, lane change, intersection) • Fatigue/impairment warning • Pavement monitoring and friction warning • Vehicle Stability Warning and Assistance • Emergency reporting and response • Backing and merging aids

5. Levels of Automation • Information • Warning • Driver assistance (active pedal) • Partial control of vehicle functions (steering, stop&go) • Complete control of vehicle (AHS)

6. Rationalizing Automation • Each level has unique safety issues • Each level must coexist with other levels • Progression from one level to next is not incremental– it represents a radical change in driving task

7. Aspects of System Safety • System Reliability Reliability of hardware and software, the propensity for malfunction and the potential to go into a dangerous and/or unanticipated safety mode • Human Machine Interaction (HMI) Key issues are function allocation, driver-vehicle integration and user interface design • Overall Traffic System The aggregate effect on the traffic system as a whole

8. ITS: Safety Impact Framework Positive Negative Direct + - Indirect + -

9. Positive Negative Direct + - Indirect + - Direct Safety Benefits • Reduction of crash risk through • on-board CA systems • road-side CA systems • tolerance for driver/system errors • Mitigation of crash consequences through improved emergency response

10. Positive Negative Direct + - Indirect + - Indirect Safety Benefits • Reduced exposure (optimized routes and trip lengths, and greater choice of mode) • Reduced exposure to unauthorized use (elicense) • Reduced traffic variance and conflicts (through better traffic management and improved interaction between driver and other road users) • Reduced driver stress and fatigue

11. Positive Negative Direct + - Indirect + - Direct Safety Risks • Driver distraction • Driver overload • Driver confusion • Reduced situation awareness • Lack of trust/acceptance due to false or nuisance alarms • Increased discomfort, stress • Command effect

12. Positive Negative Direct + - Indirect + - Indirect Safety Risks • Behavioural adaptation • Increased travel (pleasurable) • Loss of skill & negative transfer • Violation of expectation (by non-users) • Collision migration (MV to SV, to other users, etc.)

13. + Driving Task ITS Collisions - ITS Safety, or IS IT? • ITS technology is safety neutral - Its implementation is safety critical • Safety impact depends largely on the extent to which the system supports users’ needs, and is compatible with human capabilities and limitations

14. Government’s Role • Discourage technologies/implementations that are likely to have an adverse effect on safety • Encourage implementation of technologies that are likely to have safety benefits

15. the Netherlands Poland Sweden U.K. U.S.A. EC EESV Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV):International Harmonized Research Activities • Australia • Canada • France • Germany • Hungary • Italy • Japan

16. ESV: IHRA Working Groups • Intelligent Transport Systems • Advanced Offset Frontal Crash Protection • Pedestrian Safety • Biomechanics • Vehicle Compatibility • Side Impact

17. IHRA-ITS : Objectives • To coordinate international policy-oriented research to minimize the potential adverse consequences of on-board ITS technologies. • To develop procedures for the evaluation of safety of in-vehicle information, control and communication systems. • To provide an international view of the state of research into understanding the safety impact of driver workload and distraction.

18. Scope • includes original and aftermarket on-board information, control and communication systems, including • driver assistance • collision warning and avoidance • infotainment

19. Summary of Activities • Conceptual Framework • Workshops • Survey of current research • Priority Projects http://199.79.179.92/ITS/ITS.html

20. Priority Projects • Development of a harmonized safety evaluation methodology framework • Driver understanding and expectation of ITS systems • Human factors principles checklist • Normative data on naturalistic driving behavior • Simulator reference test scenarios • Improved secondary task methodology for evaluating safety effects of driver workload • Harmonization and validation of surrogate safety measures

21. Importance of ITS Safety Research • Expands ESV’s role into crash avoidance • Elaborates the role of governments with respect to ITS safety • ITS safety is currently unregulated; therefore, there is a reasonable prospect for harmonized policies based on shared scientific understanding of the issues

22. IHRA-WP.29 Liaison • IHRA research focus • Summarize state of knowledge • Coordinate joint research • Develop test procedures • WP.29 to identify regulatory needs and priorities; IHRA to coordinate the regulatory development research to support WP.29 work program

23. Recommendations vis WP.29 • Develop strategy for global regulation development for on-board ITS • ST – coordinate among existing GR’s, lead? • LT – create new GR? • Utilize IHRA-ITS WG as Informal Group for ITS-related matters • Coordinate with WP.1 and WP.15 on ITS-related matters (ISA)

24. Possible Short Term Plan • GRRF – Collision avoidance, driver assistance (ACC, ESP), ISA • GRRF/GRE?– Reliability (Annex 18) • GRE/GRSG? – Collision and drowsiness warning, vision enhancement, maneuvering aids • GRSG – Infotainment, navigation • GRSP – Collision mitigation?

25. GRRF – Existing Work Plan • Illumination of stop lamps • Handling and stability of vehicles (R111) • Steering equipment (R79) • Braking compatibility of heavy goods vehicles • Tires and wheels (smart?)

26. GRRF - Future • Driver Assistance Systems • ISA • ACC, EBS, ABS • ESP • Drive-by-wire steering • Single pedal for accelerator/brake • Active pedals, steering wheels • Collision Avoidance Systems • Rear-end collision avoidance, intersection CA, etc.

27. ITS Roundtable • Technology outlook • Driver assistance • Collision warning and avoidance • Government perspective (US, EC, IHRA, Japan) • Research Needs • US IVI • JARI • EC FPV, VI