I. New Islamic Empires

1. I. New Islamic Empires B. The Delhi Sultanate 1206-1506 • Arrival of Islam • Afghan warlords began raids of northern India in the 11th century • Motivated by desire to spread Islam, • Plunder Hindu and Buddhist temples

2. I. New Islamic Empires 2. Conquest • Turkish invaders from central Asia arrived in late 12th century • Unified by religion (Islam) • Motivated by conquest • Backed with superior weapons - Crossbows and iron stirrups • Able to defeat divided Indians

3. I. New Islamic Empires 3. Foundation • Sultan Iltutmish, established the Delhi Sultanate as a Muslim state • Brutal conquerors transformed into benign rulers • their Hindu subjects never forgave the violence of the conquest.

4. I. New Islamic Empires 4. Raziya • Iltutmish passed his throne on to his daughter, Raziya. • Raziya was a talented ruler, but she was driven from office by men - unwilling to accept a female monarch.

5. I. New Islamic Empires 5. Expansion • Under Ala-ud-din (r. 1296–1316) and Muhammad ibnTughluq (r. 1325–1351), • the Delhi Sultanate carried out a policy of aggressive territorial expansion • Accompanied by a policy of religious toleration toward Hindus • a policy that was reversed by Tughluq’s successor.

6. I. New Islamic Empires • Rule and decline • In general, the Delhi sultans ruled by terror • Harsh military reprisals, pillage and high taxes. • In the 14th century, internal rivalries and external threats undermined the stability of the Sultanate. • The Sultanate was destroyed when Timur sacked Delhi in 1390

7. II. Social And Cultural Change, 1200-1500 • Architecture, Learning and Religion • Places of Worship • African Muslims built mosques with local materials - Sun-baked clay in Sudan, Coral stone in Swahili coast • Hindu temples influence design of mosques • Christian churches built using Ethiopian tradition of rock sculpture

8. II. Social And Cultural Change, 1200-1500 • Learning • Mosques, churches and temples were centers of education • Islam promoted to the spread of literacy in Africa - Initial in Arabic, then in local languages

9. II. Social And Cultural Change, 1200-1500 3. Timbuktu • West African city • 150 Quranic schools • Scholars studied Islamic law theology and administration • Mathematics, medicine in science • Based on ancient Greek writings • Books became most valuable import to the city

10. II. Social And Cultural Change, 1200-1500 4. Conversion • Rulers did not generally impose their religion • Spread through missionaries, merchants and marriage • Islamic invasion to India destroyed last strongholds of Buddhism in subcontinent • Islam replaced Buddhism as second most important religion in India • Hinduism still dominant faith

11. II. Social And Cultural Change, 1200-1500 B. Social and Gender Distinctions 1. Slave Trade • Hundreds of thousands of Hindus made slaves after Muslim Conquest • African slaves were sent to North Africa, across the Red Sea, and to India - As far as China • 2.5 million enslaved Africans • Growth in slavery brought increased prosperity to the elites

12. II. Social And Cultural Change, 1200-1500 2. Slaves • Dominated skilled trades and military service • Others did hard menial work • Mining • Wealthy households employed slaves as servants • Slaves became so plentiful that horses sold for higher prices

13. II. Social And Cultural Change, 1200-1500 • Gender • Sati seen as being optional • Daughters still given away in marriage before puberty - Consummation later • Wives faces stricter punishments for infidelity • Women not permitted role in commerce, administration or religion

14. II. Social And Cultural Change, 1200-1500 • Women and Labor • Child rearing and food preparation • Brewing • Farm work • Making clay pots, spinning yarn, marketing