Design and Society

1. Design and Society Lecture 4 An In-class design experiment Tim Sheard

2. Uploading into WebCT • You must upload your asssignments. • I cannot grade them if they are not uploaded. • Go back and upload writing assignments 1 and 2, even if you handed them in as hard copy. • WebCT does not handle exotic formats. • Upload only Office 2003 .doc files • office 2007 can write both worrd 2003 .doc and .txt files • or .txt files • or .pdf files

3. Project #1 • The next two weeks will be focused on project #1. The Universal Design of a Everyday Object. • The assignment has 5 parts, due on 4 separate days (2 of the 5 are due on the same day). • The first part is due in 5 days in Monday, Oct 8. • The project culminates with a Design Fair on Monday, October 22. • More on the project in Mentor Session

4. Design as a Skill • Design is a complex technique that can be studied and perfected. “To regard thinking as a skill rather than a gift is the first step towards doing something to improve that skill.” - Edward de Bono, Practical Thinking

5. IDEO’s Design Process Market Client Technology Constraints Understand Later challenge perceived constraints. Observe Real people in real situations Visualize New-to-the-world concepts and customers. Simulate. Evaluate and Refine Prototype Quick iterations. Series of Improvements. Implement Ready for commercialization.

6. Our version of IDEO’s Design Process Our Outputs Market Client Technology Constraints Understand Problem Statement User Needs Determine Criteria Observe Design Alternatives Prototypes or sketches Visualize Evaluate and Refine Prototype Use Pugh Process to Evaluate and Refine. Select best alternative. Implement Document final design and process.

7. Step 1: Understand • Understand: Market, client, technology and constraints • Do not assume the solution. • Bad statement: “design a toy vacuum” • Good statement: “Kids have lots of little toys all over the floor. They need an easy way to pick them up and store them.” • Focus on action. Verbs. • What does it need to DO? • Get agreement from stakeholders. Output = Problem Statement

8. Ideas • Document idea list. Each should have a problem statement. • Not “thermos”, but “need to transport hot liquids and be able to drink at school” • The chosen idea needs a few sentences of explanation.

9. Step 2: Observe • Observe real users in real-life situations. • Focus on actions. • Consider the environment. • See what comes naturally to people. • Don’t • ask people what they do or what they want. • rely on market surveys or focus groups. • Assume you already know the solution • There are no dumb questions. • Find rule breakers. Who does it differently? • Document observations. Photos, descriptions, summaries.

10. Good observations • Photos are the easiest and most effective way to document observations. • Descriptions should be specific and should be what you actually saw. Not what you think. • Younger woman getting on bus. Carrying purse and with large backpack on back. Set purse down at her feet, took backpack off awkwardly and searched through front pocket to find change. Carried backpack by top handle in the same hand as purse strap as she moved to a seat. Sat down and placed backpack at her feet and purse on lap.

11. Observations  Criteria

12. Other criteria • Always consider Universal Design Principles. Only discard if they don’t match at all. • Define what they mean to your design. • Equitable use: kids of different sizes or ages, adults, kids in wheelchairs, blind, …? • Always consider cost. • Always consider safety. • Usually consider aesthetics. (Looks, etc.)

13. Universal Design • The design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design.

14. Universal Design • Equitable UseThe design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities. • Flexibility in UseThe design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities. • Simple and Intuitive UseUse of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user's experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.

15. Universal Design • Perceptible InformationThe design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the user's sensory abilities. • Tolerance for ErrorThe design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions.

16. Universal Design • Low Physical EffortThe design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue. • Size and Space for Approach and UseAppropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of user's body size, posture, or mobility.

17. Step 3: Visualize • To “visualize” IDEO uses things like storyboards, videos, prototypes, etc. • The result is design alternatives. • Very effective, but may not be practical for this brief exercise. • We’ll mostly use sketches to document our design alternatives. A model, prototype, Photoshop image, or CAD rendering would be excellent if you prefer.

18. Design Alternatives • A design alternative is not a feature. • Features: Big buttons. Automatic turn-off. Shaped like rocket. Removable containers for storage. • An alternative includes various features. • Alternative 1: Rocket shaped toy vacuum with removable containers for storage. • Alternative 2: Rolling scoop made of plastic. • Alternative 3: Scoop connected to detachable storage. • Alternative 4: Small version of shop vac. • To fully convey description and a sketch.2

19. Design Statement • College instructors (and students) have lots things they have to organize and bring to both class and lab sessions. For example, as a Freshman Inquiry instructor I often need to bring a computer, graded assignments, video tapes, visual aids, project materials etc. Some things I need every day, others only on occasion. We need an easy way to organize and transport such items.

20. The rest of today • In class • understand • observe • spend the last 35 minutes of class time observing behavior “in the wild” • In mentor session • go over observations • visualize

21. Process • Understand (in class today) • what’s the problem • interrogate Prof. Sheard and Liz • Observe (in class today) • what do real people do • watch other people use, unpack, transport etc • interview other FRINQ instructors • what’s currently in use • Visualize (in mentor session today) • Brainstorm • Make a choice • Evaluate and refine prototype • Draw up prototype designs. (In mentor session) • Use Pugh Process to decide. (In Class Monday, Oct 8) • Implement