Vowels A lecture for the first year English Dept. students Prepared by: Kafi R. Ahmed

1. Kurdistan Regional GovernmentMinistry of Higher Education and Scientific ResearchSalahaddin University – HawlerCollege of Languages Vowels A lecture for the first year English Dept. students Prepared by:Kafi R. Ahmed M.A. – Entire English

2. Pure Vowels (Simple Vowels) Short: /ɪ, e, ʊ, æ, ə, ɒ, ʌ/Long: /a:, ɪ:, ɜ:, u:, ɔ:/

3. / ɪ / / ɪ / is made from the following letters: (i) Such as: big, gift, fit, dim, ministry, ill, etc. (C+y)Such as: tiny, body, funny, ready, happy, etc. (u)Such as: busy, minute, lettuce, guilty, built, etc (e)Such as: believe, deceive, release, engage, enough, blanket, ticket, poet, refuse, pocket, etc. (ei) Such as: foreign, forfeit, cuneiform. (es) = /ɪz/,Such as: watches,, fixes, wages, freezes, etc. (ed) = /ɪd/, Such as: wanted, added, waited, wicked.

4. / ɪ: / / ɪ: / is made from the following letters: (e) Such as: he, she, me, be, evil, legal, metre, recent, detail. (re-)Such as: re-write, re-read, re-play, etc. (ee)Such as: meet, tree, sweep, see, flee, eel, etc. (ea)Such as: meat, beat, tea, bean, eat, sea, weak, mean, seat, leave, peace, etc. (c+ei) Such as: receive, deceive, ceiling, seize. (ie) Such as: field,, chief, niece, achieve, believe, shield etc. (i-e) Such as: machine, police, magazine. (e-e) Such as: complete, evening, extreme, compete.

5. /e/ /e/ is made from the following letters: (e) Such as: bet, set, wet, red, ten, men, ever, seven, etc. (ea)Such as: head, dead, bread, treasure, breath, wealth, already, death, deaf, health, ready, sweat. (ei, ie)Such as: friend, friendly, leisure. (a)Such as: any, many, ate, says. This sound can be found in the following words, Such as: said, guest, again, against.

6. /æ/ /æ/ is made from the following letters: (a) Such as: bat, cat, sad, ant, rat, and, man, hand, apple, imagine, bank, thank, tank, plan, anger, pack, dad, etc.

7. /a:/ /a:/ is made from the following letters: (ar) Such as: arm, car, cart, far, hard, party, heart, park, etc. (er)Such as: clerk, sergeant, (as, af)Such as: ask, past, last, basket, class, glass, after, plaster, staff, etc. (au)Such as: aunt, laugh, draught. (al)Such as: palm, calm, calf, half. (an)Such as: chance, dance, plant, shan’t, can’t. (a)Such as: bath, path, father, banana, drama, papa, etc.

8. /ʊ/ /ʊ/ is made from the following letters: (u) Such as: push, pull, full, bull, butcher, bush, sugar, put, useful etc. (oo)Such as: book, took, look, shook, foot, wood, wool, good, soot, stood, etc. (o)Such as: woman, wolf. (ou)Such as: would, should, could.

9. /u:/ /u:/ is made from the following letters: (u-e) Such as: huge, conclude, refuse, rude, lute, include, mule, amuse, rule, etc. (ue)Such as: fuel, clue, true, blue, due, value, queue, etc. (ui)Such as: fruit, suit, suicide, suitable, suitcase, ruin, etc. (o)Such as: do, who, whom, whose, two, tomb, move, prove, lose, shoes, etc. (oo)Such as: fool, food, cool, moon, mood, root, shoot, pool, spoon, etc. (ou)Such as: you, soup, group, through, etc. (ew)Such as: few, new, screw, dew, chew, flew, grew, blew, drew, etc.

10. / ɒ / /ɒ/ is made from the following letters: (o) Such as: pot, hot, not, lot, shot, song, wrong, long, off, promise, doctor, stop, fond, etc. (a)Such as: was, watch, what, wash, want, wallet, warrant, , swan, etc. (au)Such as: because, sausage, cauliflower, Austria, Australia, etc. (qua)Such as: quality, quantity, quarrel, qualify, etc. (ock)Such as: lock, block, clock, pocket, rocket, rock, knock, etc. • It can be found in the following words, such as: sorry, lorry, cough

11. / ɔ: / /ɔ:/ is made from the following letters: (or) Such as: or, nor, door, sort, short, more, before, storm, (ou)Such as: sought, brought, fought, bought, source, course, your, pour, etc. (au)Such as: launder, auction, daughter, taught, caught, clause, pause, fault, audience, authority, autonomy, automatic, autumn, etc. (ar)Such as: war, warm, reward, water, toward, quarter, etc. (oa)Such as: board, coarse (aw)Such as: saw, jaw, awful, draw, law, awkward, etc. (al, all)Such as: salt, chalk, talk, walk, also, already, almost, always, all, ball, call, tall, stall, etc.

12. /ʌ/ /ʌ/ is made from the following letters: (u) Such as: but, fun, begun, cut, dumb, dust, rug, cluster, up, under. (o)Such as: son, won, done, money, honey, monkey, some, one, once, come, company, among, onion, love, above, London, cover, Monday, stomach, does, tongue, oven. (oo)Such as: blood, flood. (ou)Such as: country, couple, double, courage, cousin, tough, rough, enough, young, touch, trouble.

13. / ə / /ə/ is made from the following letters: (a) Such as: about, along, among, above, across, ago, accept, abroad, avoid, alone, ahead, asleep. (er, ar, or)Such as: teacher, baker, cellar, beggar, scholar, particular, actor, doctor, sailor, motor, visitor. (an, on, en)Such as: England, pardon, lesson, cotton, husband, woman, common, written, human, often. (re, al, el)Such as: metre, centre, theatre, adventure, picture, casual, national, regional, neutral, central, barrel. (o)Such as: conduct, conclusion, confuse, contain, connect, continue, command, complain, compose, combine, compassion, complete, police, potato, tomato

14. (able, ous)Such as: agreeable, manageable, comfortable, admirable, courageous, generous, dangerous,(ent, ant)Such as: silent, patient, different, attendant, reluctant, important.

15. /ɜ:/ /ɜ:/ is made from the following letters: (er) Such as: person, certain, perfect, her, were. (ir)Such as: circle, firm, sir, girl, bird, thirsty. (or)Such as: word, world, worm, worse, work, worth, (ur)Such as: purpose, purse, curse, burn, turn, hurt, urge, murder, turtle. (ear)Such as: earn, heard, search, early, earth, learn, research. (our)Such as: journey, courtesy, journal.

16. Diphthongs There are eight diphthongs in English Sounds. /eɪ, əʊ, ʊə,aɪ, aʊ, ɪə, eə, ɔɪ/

17. / əʊ / / əʊ / is made from the following cases: (o-e) Such as: tone, phone, home, bone, hope, stone, rose, note, smoke, rope, hole, clothes, postage, alone, lonely. (o)Such as: go, no, oh, old, open, told, fold, gold, cold, ghost, most, folk, both, local, moment, won’t, don’t, post. (oa)Such as: boat, goat, road, coat, goal, load, moan, loan (oe)Such as: toe, poem, poetry. (ow)Such as: low, slow, yellow, snow, grow, flow, blow, show, window, tomorrow, bow (n.)

18. /aʊ / /aʊ / is made from the following cases: (ow) Such as: how, now, brown, cow, down, bow (v.), crown, crowd, flower (ou)Such as: out, shout, found, sound, round, cloud, house, thousand, flour, trousers, loud, proud, mounted, bound.

19. /eɪ / /eɪ / is made from the following cases: (ay) Such as: pay, say, way, day, hay, stay, betray, delay… (ey)Such as: they, prey, grey, obey… (ei)Such as: eight, weight, neighbour, reign, rein, vein…. (ea)Such as: break, great, create. (ai)Such as: aim, main, rain, mail, jail, daily, faith… (a-e)Such as: date, make, take, lake, wake, tame, same, shame, ache, hate, male, sale, name, cave, came, made… (a)Such as: able, potato, tomato, change, patient, April, capable, angel, (ation)Such as: location, invitation, salvation, civilization ..

20. /aɪ/ / aɪ/ is made from the following cases: (y) Such as: shy, try, fly, sky, by, buy, bye, why, deny, classify, satisfy, my, cycle, myself, fly, rhyme…. (i)Such as: mind, kind, wild, blind, find, tiny, tidy, I, idea, (i-e)Such as: mine, drive, shine, white, write, hide, time… (ign)Such as: sign, resign, design, …. (igh)Such as: light, fight, right, flight, night, sight, high, … (io)Such as: lion, prior, violent, violate, violin, riot… (ie)Such as: die, tie, diet, lie, science, society…. (ei)Such as: height, either, neither, .... (ia)Such as: diagram, trial, triangle, dialect, diary, reliable...

21. /ɔɪ/ /ɔɪ / is made from the following cases: (oi) Such as: oil, boil, coil, noise, voice, ointment, toil, soil, coin, toilet, poison, point, moist, oink… (oy)Such as: boy, toy, annoy, enjoy, destroy, royal, voyage, employ, employment, boycott, boyfriend, loyal, oyster…

22. / ɪə / / ɪə / is made from the following cases: (ear) Such as: ear, dear, fear, hear, beard, appear, near, clear, idea, shear, tear (n.) (ere)Such as: here, mere, we’re… (eer)Such as: peer, beer, deer, engineer…. (ie)Such as: experience, premier, fierce, happier…. (io)Such as: million, union, onion, opinion…. Some words like: museum, stadium…

23. /eə / /eə / is made from the following cases: (ear) Such as: bear, wear, swear, tear (v.) (are)Such as: bare, dare, care, beware, stare… (air)Such as: air, pair, fair, chair, stair, dairy, fairy, (ere)Such as: there, where…. (a)Such as: vary, Mary, parent, various, prayer Words like: heir, their…

24. /ʊə / /ʊə/ is made from the following cases: (ure) Such as: pure, cure, endure, you’re… (oo)Such as: poor, moor… (ua)Such as: actually, February, January, gradually, usually, individually… Words like: tour, doer

25. What is a consonant cluster? •  A consonant cluster is a group or sequence of consonants that appear together in a syllable without a vowel between them.