RECONSTRUCTION

1. RECONSTRUCTION What was so significant of his first election? Story following his re-election

2. RECONSTRUCTION Evaluate the extent to which the political/constitutional, economic, and social developments, regarding African Americans, between 1865 and 1900 amount to a revolution. Be sure to address both continuities as well as changes during this time period.

3. RECONSTRUCTION • I. PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION • Lincoln’s Plan (10% Plan) • View • Proclamation of Amnesty & Reconstruction(1863) • Pardon • Oath of Allegiance • Accept Emanciaption • State Govt. AcceptedWhen • 10% voters take loyalty oath • Pass 13th Amendment

4. RECONSTUCTION • I. PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION • Radical Republicans (Congress) • View • Wade-Davis Bill (1864) • Provisional Governor • “Iron Clad Oath” • +50% Pledge Allegiance = Summon State Constitutional Convention • Delegates = only those swear never took up arms • State Constitution = abolish slavery, disenfranchise Conf. Leaders • Lincoln Pocket Vetos

5. RECONSTRUCTION • I. PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION • Radical Republicans (Congress) • Freedmen’s Bureau (1865) • Provide food, shelter, and medical aid • “forty acres and a mule” • Call for this, but unsuccessful • Pres. Johnson & courts redistribute land to original owners • Education = biggest contribution • Many Northerners move south to help = “carpetbaggers” Southern Viewpoint

6. RECONSTRUCTION • I. PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION • Lincoln Assassinated • John Wilkes Booth April 14, 1865, Ford’s Theater • Actor and Confederate Zealot • Sect of State Seward & V.P. Johnson also targeted (Seward stabbed, Johnson assassin didn’t go through with it “Sic semper tyrannis” (Thus always to tyrants)

7. RECONSTRUCTION • I. PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION • President Johnson’s Plan & Restoration • Views • State readmission • Repeal secession • Ratify 13th Amend. • But doesn’t want rights/vote for African Americans • Amnesty and pardon if pledge loyalty to Union (restore land) • Loss of Vote & Office Holding • Former leaders & office holders in Confederacy • Confederates w/ +$20,000 in property • Retains right to pardon & uses it

8. RECONSTRUCTION • I. PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION • Results & Northern Attitudes Harden • Southern Governments • 8 months = all 11 states added • No constitutions gave African Americans right to vote • Former Confederate Leaders elected to Congress (former CSA VP Stephens = Senator) • Black Codes • Purpose = stable & subservant work force & restore social system • Prohibit renting or borrowing money to own land • Vagrancy Laws & work place contracts = another from of slavery • Prohibit from testifying in court • Johnson’s Vetoes & Election 1866 • Freedmen’s Bureau • Civil Rights Act 1866 = African Americans are citizens • Congress overrides Vetoes

9. RECONSTRUCTION • II. CONGRESSIONAL/RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION • The Congressional Plan • Civil Rights Act of 1866 • Reconstruction Bills of 1867 • Military Districts • Register Voters = elect conventions prepare constitutions • Ratify Constitution & Elect State Govt. • Ratify 14th Amendment

10. RECONSTRUCTION II. CONGRESSIONAL/RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION Impeaching the President Tenure of Office Act House Impeaches President Senate Trial = Johnson Acquitted (by 1 vote)

11. RECONSTRUCTION III. THE NEW SOUTH   A. The Reconstruction Governments • 15th Amendment (1869)

12. RECONSTRUCTION III. THE NEW SOUTH   A. The Reconstruction Governments 1. “Scalawags/Carpetbaggers” • Freedmen & Government a. 1869-1901: 20 US Rep. & 2 in Senate (Hiram Revels & Blanche Bruce) b. Serve in every State Legislature c. Never control any State Legislature d. Accusations of Corruption

13. RECONSTRUCTION III. THE NEW SOUTH   B. Landownership and Tenancy 1. Failure Land Distribution = no “forty acres & a mule” 2. Sharecropping & Tenant Farming 3. Crop Lien System

14. RECONSTRUCTION III. THE NEW SOUTH   D. Forced Labor through Laws/Debts PBS: Slavery By Another Name http://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-another-name/watch/ (watch parts of Ch. 1,3,4)

15. RECONSTRUCTION IV. END OF RECONSTRUCTION   A. “White League”/KKK 1. Use of intimidation & violence to limit blacks from voting & exercising rights 2. Enforcement Acts 1871/KKK Act 1871/Civil Rights Act 1871 (various names) use military force, suspend habeas corpus • Amnesty Act of 1872

16. RECONSTRUCTION In 1872, the outcome of the election for the Governor was deeply divided and controversial. The Republican candidate would be declared the winner, and this also meant that black Republicans would be sheriff or in charge of some towns, places like Colfax. Whites organized to overthrow the black Republican leadership, which went to the courthouse to defend themselves. The whites would set the courthouse on fire. Some started to burn alive, and then others surrendered. “The whites slaughtered them. Burning Negroes jumped from the second-story windows or ran out the front door ‘only to meet a savage and hellish butcher’” (Lemann, p.18). Over 100 blacks would be murdered, and not one white man was killed. Instead of being tried for murder (federal authorities would fail), these men “were heroes, and they were running the parish. The Negroes who remained in Colfax had no choice but to live meekly under the rule of the men who had killed their husbands and sons and brothers” (p. 22). IV. END OF RECONSTRUCTION   • The Southern States “Redeemed”

17. RECONSTRUCTION “Within a month a group of whites had convened…and established a new organization called the White League. Nearly overnight the White League became a substantial statewide operation….Its purpose was to use extralegal violence to remove the Republican Party from power, and then disenfranchise black people” (p. 24-25). “In May of 1874…associate justice of the Supreme Court, Joseph Bradley…ruled that the Enforcement Act of 1870…was unconstitutional….In Colfax, the whites celebrated at a mass meeting, after which white men went out into the countryside to terrorize negroes. They slit the throats of two black men, without provocation, and left them lying dead on the ground…the suspects were released because no Negroes would testify against them” (p. 25). Actions like these would continue throughout the South with, “The result, moral and political, extended far beyond Vicksburg. The significant and signal overthrow of a radical ticket, that followed the administration’s refusal to back it with troops, revealed the fatal weakness of the whole reconstruction fabric of government. It pointed to the certainty of the recovery of white rule whenever the pressure of federal force should be lifted” (p. 75). IV. END OF RECONSTRUCTION   • The Southern States “Redeemed” D. Panic of 1873 & Cong. Election 1874 = Waning Northern Commitment • Civil Rights Act 1875 1. All persons—regardless race, color, or previous condition—entitled to full & equal employment (introduced 1870)

18. RECONSTRUCTION IV. The End of Reconstruction    F. Election of 1876 G. Compromise of 1877

19. RECONSTRUCTION V. Reconstruction Reversed   • Political Restrictions: Voting 1. Poll Tax & Literacy Tests

20. RECONSTRUCTION V. Reconstruction Reversed   B. Segregation & Birth of Jim Crow 1. Civil Rights Cases 1883 (help way towards segregation, overrule Civil Rts 1875) 2. Plessy v. Ferguson

21. RECONSTRUCTION V. Reconstruction Reversed   D. African Americans & New South 1. Black Middle Class • Booker T. Washington a. Tuskegee Institute b. The Atlanta Compromise

22. RECONSTRUCTION V. Reconstruction Reversed   D. African Americans & New South 3. W.E.B. DuBois a. Immediate social & economic equality b. “Niagra Movement” c. “talented tenth”

23. RECONSTRUCTION V. Reconstruction Reversed   B. The Legacy of Reconstruction 1. Success or Failure? 2. Leadership or inefficiency? 3. Racial healing or hatred?