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CHAPTER 13

CHAPTER 13. THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT. OUR SHIFTING HUMAN ENVIRONMENT. 2009: More of us living in urban areas (cities, suburbs) than rural “URBANIZATION” Nomadic hunter-gatherer -------  Agricultural settlements -------- Urban centers

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CHAPTER 13

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  1. CHAPTER 13 THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT

  2. OUR SHIFTING HUMAN ENVIRONMENT • 2009: More of us living in urban areas (cities, suburbs) than rural • “URBANIZATION” • Nomadic hunter-gatherer ------- Agricultural settlements -------- Urban centers • CHAPTER: ‘Urban living potentially results in a SMALLER footprint!’

  3. INDUSTRIALIZATION DRIVES URBANIZATION

  4. EVEN MORE PRONOUNCED IN DEVELOPING WORLD

  5. SLUMS: RIO DE JANEIRO

  6. mexico city

  7. manilla

  8. why are major cities located where they are? • NEW YORK: MAJOR PORT • ST LOUIS: MISSISSIPPI RIVER • FORT WORTH: INTERSTATE HIGHWAYS, AIRPORT • CHICAGO: LAKE MICHIGAN, RAILROADS, GRAIN/BEEF

  9. MEGALOPOLIS, MEGACITIES

  10. GROWTH OF SUBURBS AND.....SPRAWL • MID-20th CENTURY • RISE OF THE AUTOMOBILE • IMPROVED ROAD SYSTEM • CHEAP GASOLINE • RACIAL FACTORS?

  11. SPRAWL • CHAPTER: ‘Urban living potentially results in a SMALLER footprint!’ • BUT WITHOUT SPRAWL!

  12. SPRAWL • WE LIVE FAR FROM OUR JOBS, INCREASING USE OF CARS • WE LIVE FAR FROM THE CENTERS OF PRODUCTION/DISTRIBUTION: • manufactured goods • food • INCREASED TRUCKING • WE LIVE IN BIG HOMES....WITH BIG ENERGY NEEDS! • WE USE MORE LAND

  13. MODEL: PORTLAND, OR

  14. CAUSES OF SPRAWL (low-density housing) • SPRAWL = f(population growth x land area per person) • Per capita land consumption rises • Residents AND businesses move away from city center • Possible due to: • roads • cheap gasoline • telecommunications/Internet

  15. EFFECTS OF SPRAWL • TRANSPORTATION • POLLUTION • HEALTH • LAND USE • ECONOMICS

  16. SPRAWL AND TRANSPORTATION • LIMITED MASS TRANSIT • MANY MORE VEHICLE MILES • INCREASED USE/DEPENDENCE ON PETROLEUM

  17. SPRAWL AND POLLUTION • INCREASED VEHICLE USE: • CO2 • Trop O3 • Acid rain • Runoff

  18. sprawl and health • 2003: People from most sprawling counties weigh 6 lbs more than from less sprawling counties • NEW YORKERS ARE VERY FIT! • THEY WALK EVERYWHERE....AND FAST!

  19. SPRAWL AND LAND USE • LESS LAND AVAILABLE FOR: • RESOURCES • RECREATION • AESTHETIC BEAUTY • HABITAT • AIR/WATER PURIFICATION • OTHER ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

  20. SPRAWL AND ECONOMICS • VIRGINIA BEACH, VIRGINIA: • SPRAWLING DEVELOPMENT REQUIRES 81% MORE INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS THAN COMPACT URBAN DEVELOPMENT

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