GridWise™ Appliance Load Management Initiative

1. GridWise™ Appliance Load Management Initiative 2:00 - 2:30 pm, Thursday 25-October-2007 Donald Hammerstrom, PNNL Gale Horst, Whirlpool Corporation Colorado Utility Efficiency Exchange Aspen, CO October 24 – 26, 2007 PNNL-SA-XXXX

2. Outline • Pacific Northwest GridWise™ Testbed Demonstration • Olympic Peninsula Project • Grid Friendly™ Appliance Project • Demand responses at the appliance level • Persistent vs. process appliances • Pleasing the customer while performing grid responses • What will customers want and accept? • Universal DR Appliance Interface • Business case • Characteristics • Moving forward • Grid-responsive appliance opportunities • Regulation / damping • Voltage stability • Augmented CVR 2

3. Pacific Northwest GridWise Testbed Olympic Peninsula Project Grid Friendly Appliance Project Office Buildings and DG (~170 kW) Underfrequency Event GFA Controller Real-time Market 50 dryers (~10 kW) 50 Water Heaters (~40 kW) 150 dryers (~30 kW) Fast Appliance Load Shed Residential Water Heaters and Thermostats (~75 kW) BPA, Clallam PUD, Invensys Controls, PacifiCorp, Port Angeles, PGE, PNNL, Whirlpool Municipal Pumps (~200 kW) BPA, Clallam PUD, IBM, Invensys Controls, Port Angeles, PGE, PNNL, Whirlpool 3

4. Transactive Thermostat Control (cooling mode example) Paverage+ kT_H σ bid curve bid price Pbid average price Paverage price maximum temperature limit market price current zone temperature Pclear desired temperature adjusted set point min. temp. limit Paverage- kT_L σ T T T T T current max set,a min set temperature 4

5. A 5-minute Energy Market 5

6. 1200 1000 800 600 feeder constraint @ 500 kW 400 actual baseline 200 0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 10 10 10 10 10 10 fraction of hours RTP Market Responses 4 (500-kW feeder constraint period) Residential thermostats under real-time contracts shifted their space conditioning load to early morning, cheaper hours. 3 average space conditioning demand (kW) 2 1 actual (56.8 kWh/day, 3.6 peak kW) baseline (48.8 kWh/day, 3.2 peak kW) load (kW) 0 hour of day System load was effectively deferred only when the distribution feeder line was truly constrained. 6

7. Grid Friendly Controller • GFA chip used in project: • Responds in 400 ms to 90% of a step frequency change • Frequency set at 59.95 Hz to achieve daily or weekly under-frequency “events.” • Senses from 24-VAC sensing transformer • Assignable output pins. The “relay” output signals the desired curtailment • Cost ~$44 each in quantity of 300 • Next generation GFA chip: • Much smaller • Both voltage and frequency responses • Communications enabled 7 7

8. Grid Friendly Appliance Collaboration Invensys Controls, Whirlpool, PNNL sensing transformer GFA controller 240-VACsupply dryer comm. cable load control module WIDE box dryer receptacle Load Control Module 8 8

9. Pacific NW GridwiseTM Demonstration A load control module handles both communications and load reduction measurements for project verification. 9

10. Field Dryer Response 1501 Dryer 4/13/06 Expanded 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 GFA Start at 6:01:38 GFA Stop at6:04:38 0 Read Tme GFA event Dryer load (Watts) Time (total duration shown = ~20 minutes) * Underfrequency event detected in a demonstration home on April 14, 2006 10 10

11. Grid instability trigger points 14 minutes Grid Frequency Dryers & Water Heaters respond immediately # Appliance Responding • Unit trips, frequency decreases, sensor reduces load • System operators take action • Water Heater and Dryer resume several minutes later • No consumer impact Preliminary data excerpt It WORKS! ~ 5 Minutes 11

12.  Whirlpool Corporation • World’s leading manufacturer and marketer of major home appliances • Annual sales of more than $18 billion • 73,000 employees • 70 manufacturing and technology centers worldwide • Conducting business in more than 170 countries Brands: North America (Incl Canada & Mexico): KitchenAid, Whirlpool, Maytag, Amana, Jenn-Air, Roper, Estate, Gladiator, Acros, Supermatic, Crolls (Whirlpool Corporation is also a significant supplier to Sears Holdings Corp., which owns and controls the Kenmore brand name.) Europe: Whirlpool, Bauknecht, KitchenAid, Maytag, Amana, Ignis, Polar, Laden (in France), KIC (in South Africa) Latin America:Whirlpool, KitchenAid, Maytag,Brastemp, Consul, Embraco, Eslabon de Lujo Asia:Whirlpool, Maytag, KitchenAid 12

13. Freezers Water Heaters Ice Makers, Microwave Ovens, Refrigerators Room Air Conditioners Trash Compactors Water Dispensers Air Purifiers Automatic Washers & Dryers Ovens & Ranges Countertop Appliances Dehumidifiers Dishwashers Fabric Fresheners Residential Devices Primary Product Categories: 13

14. --- Forced power interruption --- may be acceptable Limited Options Two Appliance Categories Persistent vs. Process-Oriented • Single persistent task such as: • Maintaining room temperature • Keeping water warm Start-to-finish process involving multiple steps, sensors, temperatures and consumables often performing the task upon other consumer products such as food, clothing, and dishes. also Stoves & Ovens also Refrigerators 14

15. Process-Oriented Appliance Response Phase I When PNNL grid sensor triggers an event, the 150 dryers reduced their power from 5,700 watts to ~280 watts . . . a 95% reduction in 40 milliseconds! • Automated Low Customer Impact: • turn off the heating element • continue drum rotation • reduce the heat/temperature • residual heat and tumbling continue to dry clothes • drying time automatically extended as required 15

16. Field Dryer Response 1501 Dryer 4/13/06 Expanded 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 GFA Start at 6:01:38 GFA Stop at6:04:38 0 Read Tme GFA event Dryer load (Watts) Time (total duration shown = ~20 minutes) * Under frequency event detected in one demonstration home on April 14, 2006 16 16

17. Consumer Interaction from Post Pilot Survey: “How acceptable was it to have your clothes dryer cycle run a few minutes longer, occasionally, in response to power grid needs?” [Check one] 97% Consumer Acceptance of GridWise appliance response 17

18. Energy price indicator Pr ice – The dryer has received a critical peak pricing indicator. Consumer notified of a temporary energy price increase. Phase II Transmitted Price Signals Consumers react to changing price signals sent to their homes. If power consumption is reduced, customers earned a cash rebate. (CPR) Consumers receive peak price notification on their appliance console and thermostat. 18

19. “Pr” notified the consumer of a temporary energy price increase. • Most did not consider this as inconvenient Consumer Interaction • Simple Indicators Work Best! The right information when and where the consumer needs it. Two methods and automated responses tested: Example 1 (Woodridge): Consumer notified that a peak price period is in effect Example 2 (GridWise): 19

20. Energy management signals will be received in real-time via utility-owned infrastructure Signal . . . NOTE: UL and corporate safety standards may necessitate appliance intervention in some cases. 20

21. Successful shift of the Dryer Load Shape Standard load shape. . . compared with Woodridge pilot Red/Green LED with auto delay button (TOU tariff) 21

22. Consumer Interaction [from Post Pilot Survey] “Which of the following would most strongly influence your decision to purchase a Grid Friendly clothes dryer instead of a standard model? [Check all that apply] 22

23. How did pilot participants suggest consumers obtain this technology? • 58% thought GFA should be enabled as a standard on all appliances • 32% would prefer GFA as a purchase option 23

24. How Do Customers Want DR • 1% Would select 10% flat rate increase to be able to use electricity at the same price any time • 15% Prefer to manage their own TOU/CPP electricity use based on a transmitted price signal • 17% Prefer utility dispatched direct load control • 67% Prefer set and forget appliances that react to utility price signals (with consumer override possible) 24

25. Demand Response Learning • Customers understand DR Enabled Appliances • Appliance OEM better at Customer Interface • A lot of control can be achieved with 3 Boolean Communication Signals • System Instability • High Price • Load Control • A more advanced communications interface could be considered as optional 25

26. Any External Communication Protocol UDRI Any Communication Method Utility or Energy Provider may choose any communication path Universal Demand Response Interface translates any communication signal to standardized appliance commands Appliance Control Appliance Control Appliance Control OR A “Socket” on the appliance, connected to its controls Dryer Dryer Dryer Enables open or proprietary communication protocol 26

27. Gridwise Pilot •  Grid Friendly (GFA)- brief instantaneous load shedding • Load Control (DR)– load reduction request • High or Critical Price Period - a temporary price change • Load / Peak Leveling - coordinated power reduction Simplify Appliance Control Expectations • Key Concepts: • Each appliance type may have a different response depending on hardware, electronics, real-time status, design issues and the nature of the request. • Reduced cost for both appliance production & utility program installation 27

28. Commercialization Strategy • Appliance Socket with Open Protocol • Adds only several dollars per appliance • Mass production of grid ready appliances • Supports: • Post production / post sale enablement • Adaptation for any communication protocol • GFA Sensor with Comm. Device • Could enables customer install of a $20 communication device w/electronic verification • DR resource at a fraction of previous cost 28

29.  D D T f f Appliance Regulation and Damping Services • All appliances “see” the grid’s frequency. • “Persistent” appliances have lots of time to help maintain grid frequency. • With communication, these appliances can perform traditional regulation. • This approach needed for micro-grids. One-dimensional Control Two-dimensional Control 29

30. Promote Voltage Stability at Loads • System faults cause momentary voltage sags. • Induction machines may stall and slow voltage recovery. • The Grid Friendly controller was shown to recognize voltage sags consistently within 2 cycles. • Cold load pickup is had for free. • This control should be standard for appliances with induction motors. 30

31. Augmented Conservation Voltage Reduction – As it Could be Practiced Fractional Load vs Fractional Voltage • Feeder voltage is reduced by the utility during peaks • Loads recognize the voltage signal and actively shed load • A 2% voltage reduction could result in up to 100% load shed by targeted loads 1.00 0.80 0.60 Fractional Nominal Load 0.40 0.20 0.00 1 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 Fraction Nominal Voltage Perhaps … a “poor man’s BPL”! 31

32. For More Information: • Donald Hammerstrom • Pacific Northwest National Laboratory • Donald.Hammerstrom@pnl.gov • 509-372-4087 • Gale Horst • Whirlpool Corporation • Gale_Horst@whirlpool.com • 269-923-2770 32