Amazonia and Climate

1. Amazonia and Climate A.D. Nobre, INPA Side Event Institute for Environmental Security UNFCC COP12 15 November 2006, Nairobi Kenya

2. Socrates Dream Animation credit NASA

3. The changes in atmospheric composition are highly correlated with climate stability 30% output increase Present day Earth 0.037% CO2 Greenhouse Earth 95% CO2

4. Biogeochemical Climate Thermostat

6. Does Earth have life because It is stable... or is It stable because of its life? A multidisciplinary stroll through Earth evolution See details in the GCP CD: Earth, a Living Planet

8. The Green Ocean Photo Credit Andrea, Artaxoet al . LBA Smocc Experiment

9. TROPICAL RAINFALL 2 years data from TRMM satellite Animation Credit NASA Goddard [DATA]

10. 20 years of Surface Temperature [DATA] Data & Animation Credit NASA

11. Biosphere – Atmosphere relations More Power than Meets the Eyes 300 liters of water transpired per day by a single big tree ! Equivalent to 20 billion tons for the whole Amazon ! K34 FLUXTOWER Manaus Brazil Photo Credit Andrea, Artaxo et al., LBA Claire II Experiment Or 135 years of Itaipu at full power !!

12. RAINFALL MECHANISM IN AN UNDISTURBED RAINFOREST Photo Credit Antonio D Nobre

13. RAINFALL MECHANISM IN AN UNDISTURBED RAINFOREST [MODEL] CLEAN ATMOSPHERE H2OVAPOR H2OVAPOR Diagram by Antonio D Nobre based on results of LBA: Claeys et al and Andrea et al. Science 2004; Marengo et al 2004, 2005; others

14. RAINFALL MECHANISM IN AN UNDISTURBED RAINFOREST Biodiversity is Associated with Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds Photo Credit Antonio D Nobre

15. Volatile Organic Tree Light 100s of VOCs Flowers Floral Scents Ethylene Many Tissues Phytohormones Methyl Jasmonate Resin ducts or glands Stored Terpenes Leaves, Stems, Roots Resin ducts or glands Stored Terpenes Cell Membranes Defense + Herbivory Methyl Salicylate C5, C6 VOCs Cell Walls by-products Methanol Isoprene Sesquiterpenes Monoterpenes Leaves Polimerization: Terpenes Formaldhyde Formic Acid Acetaldehyde Acetic Acid Ethanol Acetone Metabolism Modified from Fall, R., University of Colorado, Boulder at http://www.rfall.net/

16. The Forgotten Droplets

17. RAINFALL MECHANISM IN AN UNDISTURBED RAINFOREST [MODEL] CLEAN ATMOSPHERE Warm Low Level Clouds H2OVAPOR Biogenic Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCNs) Heavy but Gentle Rainfall Diagram by Antonio D Nobre based on results of LBA: Claeys et al and Andrea et al. Science 2004; Marengo et al 2004, 2005; others

18. RAINFALL MECHANISM IN AN UNDISTURBED RAINFOREST [MODEL] CLEAN ATMOSPHERE Warm Low Level Clouds H2OVAPOR H2OVAPOR Biogenic Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCNs) Heavy but Gentle Rainfall Diagram by Antonio D Nobre based on results of LBA: Claeys et al and Andrea et al. Science 2004; Marengo et al 2004, 2005; others

19. FORESTED-LAND CIRCULATION [MODEL] (e) Biotic pump of atmospheric moisture: transpiration fluxes regulated by natural forests exceed oceanic evaporation fluxes to the degree when the arising oceanto- land fluxes of moist air become large enough to compensate losses of water to runoff in the entire river basin. Makarieva A. M., Gorshkov V. G., 2006, Biotic pump of atmospheric moisture and its importance for the water cycle on land, Hydrology Earth System Sciences Discussions, online now.

20. Paleoclimates and Vegetation: Suggestions from the Mega fauna giraffes elephant

21. Wildebeest

22. Photo Credit Antonio D Nobre The Amazon Rainforest has a Powerful and Key Influence on Climate How does this Influence Plays Elsewhere on the Globe?

23. Valuing Ecosystem Services Healthy forest–atmosphere exchanges can affect the hydrological cycle elsewhere

24. [DATA] Airborne Rivers of Vapor Click mouse here => <= to Start / Stop rain animation Global water vapor, one week mosaic

25. [DATA] Geography of Climate ? ? Fonte mapa: material internet

26. [MODEL] Surface heating on the equatorial zone produces strong upwellings of air. Rising air cools and looses moisture, making these rainy areas First, let’s observe and understand global atmospheric circulation ...when the dry air falls in the other extreme of the Hadley cells it warms up and takes moisture from the surface... making these dry areas The Hadley circulation transports heat from the equator to higher latitudes, and explains the trade winds near the surface, which transport moisture from the ocean to the Amazon Diagram source: internet material

27. [MODEL] The ENGINE

28. [DATA] 30 years of South America Rainfall Source: Willmot & Webber, 1998, http://daac.ornl.gov//LBA/guides/lba_willmott.html

29. The Explanation : South American Monsoon Marengo et al, 2005 [MODEL]

30. RAINFALL MECHANISM IN A DISTURBED RAINFOREST [MODEL] People destroy the Garden of Eden… What happens then? based on results of ABRACOS project 2000 and LBA: Andrea et al. Science,; others DIRTY ATMOSPHERE Diagram by Antonio D Nobre Photo Credit Andrea, Artaxo et al. LBA Smocc Experiment

31. RAINFALL MECHANISM IN A DISTURBED RAINFOREST [MODEL] DIRTY ATMOSPHERE Smoky Dissipative Clouds Dry Season or Drought COLD Towering Clouds Soot Dust Suppression of Rainfall Diagram by Antonio D Nobre based on results of ABRACOS project 2000 and LBA: Andrea et al. Science,; others

32. DESERT CIRCULATION [MODEL] (a) Deserts: evaporation on land is close to zero, so the low level air moves from land to the ocean year round, thus "locking" the desert for moisture. Makarieva A. M., Gorshkov V. G., 2006, Biotic pump of atmospheric moisture and its importance for the water cycle on land, Hydrology Earth System Sciences Discussions, online now.

34. Amazon River, 2005