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Introduction

Introduction. Hypothesis Topology, technical constrains Redundancy, budget constrains Grounding Reliability Conclusion. NI. EF. H. K. E. Heine, H.Z. Peek. Hypothesis. Power VLVnT structure = 10 * Antares VLVnT power < 5 * Antares = 100 kW Technology progress

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Introduction

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  1. Introduction Hypothesis Topology, technical constrains Redundancy, budget constrains Grounding Reliability Conclusion NI EF H K E. Heine, H.Z. Peek

  2. Hypothesis PowerVLVnT structure = 10 * Antares VLVnT power < 5 * Antares = 100 kW Technology progress Structure upgrades Demands of other users? EnvironmentalDistance shore-facility = 100 kmPower cables combined with fibersSingle point failures has to avoid

  3. Power transmission • Cable behavior for AC, DC • AC systems • DC systems • Redundancy (no single failure points) mains Shore 100kW 100km VLVnT

  4. Node grid power power Node 12 12 Converter Junction Converter Junction Node Node Node Node Node

  5. Node Node Node Node Node grid II power power Sub node Opt. station 7 Opt. station Inst. station 10 Opt. station Sub node Node Sub node 35 Converter Junction 4 Converter Junction

  6. Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Converter Junction Converter Junction Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node grid III • Both stations can handle full power. • Installation in phases possible. power power • How to combine with redundant optical network.

  7. Redundant Power distribution • Two long distance failures, still 84% in charge. • Installation in phases possible. • To combine with optical network power power power power 6 Converter Junction Converter Junction Node Node Node Node 6 6 Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node Node 6 6 6 Converter Junction Converter Junction Node Node Node Node

  8. Long distance to local power converter junction AC / AC system 288 shore power • 2x144 el.units submarine • low power conversion Node AC / DC system 72 • 2x36 + 4 el.units submarine • high power conversion Node 4 DC / DC system 72 4 • 2x36 + 4 el.units submarine • 4 el.units on shore • high power conversion 4 Node

  9. Long distance cable behavior • Higher voltage = lower current = less Cu losses = higher reactive losses • AC losses (Iload²+(kUwCcable)²) Rcu > DC losses (Iload²Rcu) • AC charging/discharging C, DC stored energy = ½CV² • DC conversions more complex then AC conversions • AC cables have be partitionized to adapt reactive compensation sections. AC cable AC cable with reactive power compensation Lcable Lcable Lcable Lcable Rcu Rcu Rcu Rcu VLVnT VLVnT mains mains Lcomp. Ccable Ccable DC cable Rcu Rcu VLVnT mains

  10. Redundant Node grid DC load sharing between two converter junctions Rcu Converter Junction Converter Junction Node Node Node Node AC load sharing between two converter junctions Converter Junction Converter Junction Node Node Node Node

  11. Conclusions on topology DC/DC constant output level cable losses running costs active components initial costs AC/AC passive components initial costs losses fixed ratio by transformers extra DC conversion subm. running costs extra cabling AC/DC constant output level initial costs active components subm. running costs + + + + + + +

  12. Grounding • Grounding is essential to relate all potentials to the environment. • Prevent ground currents by use of one ground point in a circuit. AC AC DC DC DC DC DC 5kV= 5kV= DC DC 48V= DC Node Node DC DC 380V= DC DC

  13. Reliability Not something we buy, but something we make! No Defect 20% Software 9% Induced 12% Parts 22% Wear-Out 9% System management 4% Design Manufacturing 9% 15% Denson, W., “A Tutorial: PRISM”,RAC, 3Q 1999, pp. 1-2

  14. General conclusions • Technical issues to investigate • DC for long distance is promising-> breakeven study for costs and redundancy • node grid gives redundancy • node grid can be made of components used in railway industry • inter module grid can be made of components used in automotive industry • each board / module makes its own low voltages • Organization • power committee recommend • specify the power budget (low as possible, no changes) • coordination of the grounding system before realizing • watching test reports, redundancy and reliability • try to involve a technical university for the feasibility study • coordination between power and communication infrastructures

  15. HVDC, conventional HVDC, VSC-based HVAC VLVnT MVAC Industrial references Expanding by technology progress Installation costs; 9000 - 20000 €/MW.km AC Break-Even Distance DC VLVnT Lower in time bytechnical evolution Sally D. Wright, Transmission options for offshore wind farms in the united states, University of Massachusetts High Voltage Direct Current Transmission, Siemens HVDC light, ABB Gemmell, B; e.a. “HVDC offers the key to untapped hydro potential”, IEEE Power Engineering Review, Volume:22 Issue: 5, May 2002 Page(s): 8-11

  16. Cable configuration • Combined with fibers for communication • Redundancy Monopolar Bipolar normal operation power Load power Load power Bipolar Bipolar monopolar operation power power Load Load power power High Voltage Direct Current Transmission, Siemens

  17. Power factor corrector Classic current voltage Classic: • more harmonic noise • higher I²R losses PFC • constant power load • voltage and current in phase dilivered power PFC voltage current I U control C C ~200kHz delivered power

  18. Converter types buck converter + + input circuit control switching circuit ~200kHz rectifying circuit output circuit - - boost converter + + • Efficiency up to 90% • Power driven control ~200kHz - - transformer isolated converter + + - control ~200kHz -

  19. Local power Converters on each board or function • Control of switch on/off sequences • Control of Vh>Vl (by scotky diodes) • Control of voltage limits; 1V8 ± 4%, 5V ± 5%, 12V ± 10% Power consistence • PCB-layout (noise) • efficiency start up sequence voltage time 12V 12V BS250 2k efficiency 37k 3V3 3V3out 3V3+5V 1V8 3V3 15k 1V8out BS170 Efficiency (%) 4k7 C2 1V8+5V 20k 68k Delay C1; 290nF/ms Rise time C2; 41nF/ms C1 power

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