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Unit 4 Part 1

Unit 4 Part 1. Energy for life A. Every organism requires energy (E) for biological work. B. Biological Work Includes:. Active transport 2. Photosynthesis 3. Mitosis 4. Protein Synthesis (making proteins). C . Energy Comes From Food Glucose(C 6 H 12 O 6 ).

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Unit 4 Part 1

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  1. Unit 4 Part 1 • Energy for life A. Every organism requires energy(E) for biological work.

  2. B. Biological Work Includes: • Active transport 2. Photosynthesis 3. Mitosis 4. Protein Synthesis (making proteins)

  3. C. Energy Comes From FoodGlucose(C6H12O6) 1. Autotrophs (producers) Ex.______ produce their own glucose/food. a. by the process photosynthesis (PS) b. Energy for making glucose comes from the sun (ultimate source of E for all organisms)

  4. 2. Heterotroph (consumers) Organisms that cannot producetheir own food. a. Glucose is broken down in mitochondriato make energy molecule (ATP). b. Cellular Respiration (CR)= process of breaking down glucose to make ATP (energy molecule) in organisms.

  5. D. ATP-Adenosine Triphosphate 1. Can be compared to a fully charged battery

  6. 2. Composed of 3 parts: a. adenine(amino acid) b. ribose (sugar) c. 3 Phosphate groups

  7. 3. Energy is in the BONDS of the ATP molecule

  8. E. When a phosphate bond is broken: 1. Energy is released 2. ADP is produced

  9. F. ADP-Adenosine Diphosphate 1. Differs from ATP b/c only 2 phosphates 2. Can be compared to a Low charged battery

  10. 3. ADP Can be rechargedback to ATP by adding back the 3rd phosphate (P)

  11. G. ATP is the ONLY useable enery molecule in the cell 1. ALL food energy must be converted to ATP!!!!! 2. GLUCOSE is the most easily converted.

  12. H. FUN FACT  1 billion 1. Your body uses ATP per minute. 2. To meet this you should consume approx. Calories everyday. 3. Different foods have different amounts of energy. 1800-2500

  13. I. Which organic compound do you think has the mostenergy per gram?___ 1. Carbohydrates=______ Cal/gram 2. Proteins= ______Cal/gram 3. Fat=_____Cal/gram 4.How many calories/gram does water have? No calories! 4 4 9

  14. Classwork/Homework • Finish coloring parts 1, 2, & 3 • Questions #1-7 will be bellwork tomorrow

  15. Unit 4 Part 2 Photosynthesis

  16. Research into PHOTOSYNTHESIS began centuries ago with this simple question: When a tiny seed grows into a huge plant, where does all the “new plant” come from?

  17. I. Experiments 1643-1948 A. VanHelmont-1643 1. Wondered what made up the mass of a tree- because the only thing he added was water. 2. He did not take in account for carbs(glucose) produced during photosynthesis.

  18. 4. Plants use _______ and ______ dioxide to make ___________________ 3. Van Helmont didn’t realize the major contribution to the mass of his tree was something he couldn’t see… __________________ from the air. carbon dioxide water carbon Carbohydrates http://www2.nsta.org/Energy/find/primer/primer2_3.html

  19. B. Priestly-1771 1. Lit a candle- put jar over it – flame goes out 2.If he placed a __________ in the jar and allowed a few days to pass, the candle would stay lit. live plant 3. The plant produced something “required for burning” that the candle used up 4. We now know it was …____________ OXYGEN

  20. C. Ingenhaus-1779 1. Showed that the effect that Priestly observed occurred only when plant is exposed to light. 2. Determined that plants need light to produce oxygen

  21. D. Mayer – 1845 1. Determined that plants convert light energy (sun) to chemical energy (glucose)

  22. E. Calvin - 1948 1. Determined the biochemical pathway that Carbon follows to form glucose. 2. The pathway (cycle) is named after him -Calvin Cycle.

  23. D.THE BIG PICTURE 1. These experiments led to work by later scientists who finally discovered that in the presence of light, plants transform CO2 and water into glucose and release oxygen.

  24. GET OUT YOUR NOTES • Happy Friday. • LT: Describe how photosynthesis transform light energy into chemical energy • SC: List two steps of PS  • Explain each step of PS

  25. II. Photosynthesis Equation A. PS uses (reactants): 1. Water 2. Carbon Dioxide (thanks to us)  B. In the presence of: 1. Sunlight 2. Chlorophyll B. PS makes (products) 1. Glucose (for cell) 2. Oxygen (given off as waste) lucky us 

  26. C. THE EQUATION THAT YOU NEED TO KNOW!!!!!!!!!! 6 Carbondioxide 6WATER glucose 6 Oxygen _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________ CHLOROPHYLL 6 CO2 6 H2O → C6H12O6 6 O2 _____________ + ____________ _______________ + ____________ CHLOROPHYLL

  27. D. In addition to water and carbon dioxide, __________________ and __________________ are needed for photosynthesis to happen. chlorophyll light energy

  28. III. Pigments and Reactions • Chlorophyll- 1. Traps the E (energy) from sunlight 2. Transfers the E to the e- (electrons) in chlorophyll 3. They are now called “high energy” e-’s

  29. Photosynthesis ____________________ involves a complex series of chemical reactions, in which the product of one reaction is _____________ by the next reaction. consumed Product Y Reaction 1 → Product → X Reaction 2 → A series of reactions linked in this way is referred to as a __________________________ biochemical pathway

  30. Chapter 8-3 Light Dependent and Light Independent Reactions

  31. I. Basic Photosynthesis A. Photosynthesis – the process by which autotrophs use light energy to turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen B. The basic equation for photosynthesis is as follows: 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Sunlight

  32. II. Chloroplasts A. Organelle where PS takes place in autotrophs B. Contains chlorophyll (pigment that “traps” light) 1. Traps the E from sunlight. 2. Transfers the E to the electrons (e-) in chlorophyll. 3. They are then called “high energy” electrons

  33. Inside a chloroplast

  34. Components of Chloroplast • Thylakoid – Saclike photosynthetic membranes • Light-dependent reactions occur here • Granum –single stack of thylakoids • Grana- All of the Granum in one Chloroplast • Stroma – Region outside the thylakoid membrane • Reactions of the Calvin Cycle occur here

  35. C. LIGHT DEPENDENT: reactions take place in the thylakoid membranesof chloroplast. D. LIGHT INDEPENDENT (dark/Calvin): reactions take place in the stromaof chloroplast.

  36. PLANT CELL - High Energy Sugar Glucose

  37. IV. Light Dependent Reactions A. Requires light and water B. Takes place in the Thylakoid

  38. C. Uses energy from sun to form: 1. ATP- ( recharged ADP + P from Calvin cycle)used in the Calvin cycle. 2. Create NADPH- from NADP+: NADP+ comes from the Calvin cycle and it’s job is to carry the high energy electrons and the H (from water splitting) to form NADPH- 3. Oxygen gas :waste given off to environment (remember it came from the water splitting)

  39. D. Water is split to produce: 1. Oxygenwaste 2. Hydrogenused to convert NADP+ to form NADPH- which is used in the electron transport chain.

  40. III. Light Independent (dark) Reactions A. also called Calvin Cycle B. Produces high energy sugars (glucose) C. Uses ATP and NADPH- (from light reactions) to convert CO2(from air) into glucose. D. DOES NOT require light, uses E from ATP

  41. IV. Factors that Affect rate of PS A. No water = No NADPH… If no NADPH = No Glucose B. Temperature- enzymes sensitive to extreme temperatures C. Light Intensity: in light = in PS (to a certain point)

  42. Summary • Light Dependent Reaction Uses:Water + Light To Make:ATP + NADPH- + (O2 as waste) • Light Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle) Uses:CO2 + ATP + NADPH- To Make:glucose ***GLUCOSE IS MADE DURING DARK REACTIONS NOT LIGHT!!!!

  43. Assignments: • Finish Review Guide (8 pages total): due Wednesday • Webquests (website 1-3) due Wednesday (if you were absent)

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