RESPIRATORY DISEASES

1. RESPIRATORYDISEASES PPT HEK SCIENCE DEPT

2. H E A L T H Y L U N G

3. RESPIRATORY ASTHMA BRONCHITIS EMPHYSEMA PNEUMONIA ASP. PNEUMONIA CYSTIC FIBROSIS PNEUMOCONIOSIS ARDS PUL EMBOLISM PUL INFARCT DISEASES

4. ASTHMA BRONCHITIS EMPHYSEMA C O P D

6. ASTHMA • A CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY LUNG DISEASE WITH: OBSTRUCTION, INFLAMMATION AND HYPER-RESPONSIVENESS. • SYMPTOMS: WHEEZING, DYSPNEA, COUGH AND MUCOID SPUTUM. • CAUSE IS NOT KNOWN BUT INVOLVES CONTRACTION OF MUSCLES, MUCUS AND SWELLING OF AIRWAYS.

11. Plasma cell Next time allergens enter the body they are attracted to IgE on mast cells and cause a release of histamine which causes bronchoconstriction and vasodilatation. Allergens:dust pollen, foods. IgE antigens Allergic reaction: IgE attaches to mast and basophil cells Release of histamine =

12. ASTHMA SYMPTOMS • WHEEZING • CYANOSIS • IRRITABLE • RESP RATE • SWEATING • O2 SAT<90-92% • UNABLE TO TALK MORE THAN A FEW WORDS AT A TIME.

13. PEAK FLOW TEST PEFR: PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE A DROP IN 50-60% IS INDICATION OF A SEVERE ATTACK.

14. TREATMENT • BETA-ADRENERGIC AGENTS - CAUSE BRONCHIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE RELAXATION AND INHIBITION OF INFLAMMATORY CELLS, SUBSTANCES. (Albuterol). • THEOPHYLLINE – BRONCHODILATOR. ORIGINALLY DERIVED FROM TEA LEAVES. • CORTICOSTEROIDS - REDUCE INFLAMMATION. • O2 THERAPY • ANTIBIOTICS FOR SEC INFECTION.

15. BRONCHITIS INFLAMMATION OF THE BRONCHI. OFTEN FOLLOWS A COLD OR ANY INFECTION OF NOSE AND THROAT. AGGRAVATED BY SMOKING OR SMOKE, DUST AND CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT

17. BRONCHITIS SYMPTOMS • COUGH WORSE IN AM WITH CLEAR MUCOUS SPUTUM. • BECOMES THICKER YELLOW IF INFECTION OCCURS • FEVER SUGGESTS BACTERIAL INFECTION.

18. MUCOUS PLUG BRONCHIAL GLAND WITH EXCESS MUCOUS

19. BRONCHITIS TREATMENT • REST • FLUIDS • ANTIPYRETIC FOR FEVERS • ANTIBIOTICS FOR PURULENT SPUTUM WHEN HIGH FEVER PERSISTS.

20. EMPHYSEMA • CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE IN WHICH AIR SACS DEGENERATE UNTIL ELASTIC FIBERS ARE DESTROYED. LEADS TO A DECREASE IN LUNG ELASTICITY, RESULTING IN ACCUMULATION OF CO2 IN THE LUNGS POST EXHALATION.

21. EMPHYSEMA CAUSES AN OVER-INFLATION OF THE ALVEOLI RESULTING FROM A BREAKDOWN OF THE WALLS WITH DECREASED RESPIRATORY FUNCTION.

22. DAMAGE TO ALVEOLI IS IRREVERSIBLE AND RESULTS IN HOLES AND BULLAE IN LUNG TISSUE MOTH-EATEN APPEARANCE BULLAE

23. ETIOLOGY • SMOKING • ADV. STAGE OF BRONCHITIS • MAY FOLLOW ASTHMA AND TB • ATT-ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY RELATED EMPHYSEMA

24. HOW SERIOUS IS EMPHYSEMA? • 2.8 MILLION AMERICANS • RANKS 15th AMONG CHRONIC CONDITIONS TO ACTIVITY LIMITATIONS • MEN HAVE HIGHER RATES 53% HIGHER THAN FEMALES

25. SYMPTOMS • INCREASING SOB • COUGH • SPUTUM PRODUCTION • PROLONGED EXPIRATION • ANOREXIA • WT LOSS • MALAISE

26. SMOKERS LUNG

27. OLD PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST

28. MODERN PFT

29. TREATMENT • NO CURE • STOP SMOKING • BRONCHODILATOR DRUGS • ANTIBIOTICS • TREAT WITH A1P1 FOR THOSE WHO HAVE DEFICIENCY • LUNG TRANSPLANT • LUNG VOLUME REDUCTION • BREATHING EXERCISES & PD

30. EMPHYSEMA PATIENT

31. BARREL CHEST

32. PERCUSSION

33. ARDS • A FAILURE OF THE RESP SYS BY FLUID ACCUMULATION WITHIN THE LUNGS THAT CAUSE THEM TO STIFFEN. CAUSES BLOOD VESSELS TO “LEAK” INTO THE LUNGS • ETIOLOGIES: TRAUMA, SHOCK, BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS, HEAD INJURY, SMOKE INHALATION AND NEAR DROWNING. • UPON XRAY LUNGS BECOME WHITED-OUT

34. RAPID BREATHING NASAL FLARING CYANOSIS DYSPNEA ANXIETY AND STRESS APNEA AT TIMES RALES, RHONCHI AND WHEEZES SURVIVAL RATE IS 50% WITH 90% HAVINGA CARDIAC ARREST O2 AT 100% IS ADMINISTERED INTUBATION AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION MEDS TO REDUCE INFLAMMATION ARDS SYMPTOMS &TREATMENT

35. ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA

36. ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA • ABNORMAL ENTRY OF FLUIDS: VOMIT, BILE, ACIDS INTO THE LUNGS. • TAKES COURSE SIMILAR TO ARDS • SAME TYPE OF TREATMENT IS REQUIRED TO GIVE RESPIRATORY SUPPORT WITH O2 AND MECHANICAL VENTILATION. • FREQUENT SUCTIONING IS DONE EARLY IN THE COURSE OF TREATMENT. • ANTIBIOTICS FOR ANAEROBIC BACTERIA

37. PNEUMONIA • INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS DUE TO BACT, VIRUSES OR CHEM IRRITANTS • MOST COMMON TYPE IS BACT PNEUMONIA FROM STREP. PNEUMONIAE • OCCURS WHEN THE BODY IS WEAKENED FROM ILLNESS, MALNUTRITION, OLD AGE

39. SYMPTOMS • CHILLS, HIGH FEVER • CHEST PAIN • PRUNE COLORED SPUTUM • SWEATING • RAPID PULSE AND BREATHING • CYANOSIS • CONFUSED MENTAL STATE.

40. TREATMENT: ANTIBIOTICS, O2, NEBULIZER, POSTURAL DRAINAGE, NUTRITION, FLUIDS VACCINES.

41. VACCINATION NEXT

42. PNEUMOCONIOSESOCCUPATIONAL DISEASES • INHALATION OF PARTICLES: DUSTS, SILICA, ASBESTOS, COAL, IRON OXIDES, COTTON, FLAX • PARTICLES DEPOSITED DEPEND ON SEDIMENTATION, INERTIAL IMPACTION AND DIFFUSION

43. PATHOLOGY OF DISEASE INHALED PARTICULATES PROLIFERATIONOF CONNECTIVE TISSUE DUE TO IRRITATION COLLAGEN FORMATION & COALESCING OF NODULES END RESULT IS LUNG AND HEART FAILURE

44. NODULE OF DUST

45. TYPES OF PNEUMCONIOSES • SILICOSIS • ASBESTOSIS • ANTHRACOSIS • SIDEROSIS • BAGASOSSIS • BYSSINOSIS ASBESTOS FIBERS

46. SYMPTOMS • SOB RELATED TO SIZE OF NODULES • WHEEZING • COUGH • DYSPNEA • WEIGHT LOSS • EXCESS SPUTUM • REDUCED EXERCISE TOLERANCE

47. TREATMENT • DUST SUPPRESSION • TREAT SYMPTOMS • SIMILAR TO COPD TREATMENT • ANTIBIOTICS FOR SEC. INFECTION • O2 THERAPY • NEB AND STEROIDS CITY LUNG

49. CYSTIC FIBROSIS • INHERITED AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE TRAIT OCCURRING IN ABOUT 5% OF POP. • A DISEASE OF EXOCRINE GLANDS WHICH HYPER-SECRETE PRIMARILY AFFECTING RESPIRATORY AND GI SYSTEMS • MOST COMMON LETHAL GENETIC DIS. IN WHITE POP.