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Risk Management and Firefighting Systems in Tunnels

Risk Management and Firefighting Systems in Tunnels. Types of Incidents. Accidental Terrorism ( Pyroterrorism ). Collapse & Spalling. Mont Blanc. Daegu, South Korea Feb. 18, 2003. 192 killed 148 injured Human error No fire extinguishers aboard trains

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Risk Management and Firefighting Systems in Tunnels

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  1. Risk Management and Firefighting Systems in Tunnels www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  2. Types of Incidents • Accidental • Terrorism ( Pyroterrorism ) www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  3. Collapse & Spalling www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  4. Mont Blanc www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  5. Daegu, South KoreaFeb. 18, 2003 • 192 killed • 148 injured • Human error • No fire extinguishers aboard trains • Design flaw. Smoke alarm shut power www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  6. Dageau, S. Korea www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  7. www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  8. Problems • Water only applied to station platform • Fire three levels below grade • Delay in notification to emergency services • Bad (NO) decision making • COMBUSTIBLE CONTENTS OF CAR www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  9. www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  10. www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  11. www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  12. London Subway Bombing July 7, 2005 www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  13. London Subway Bombing www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  14. Kaprun, Austria Ski Train • 11 Nov. 2000 155 dead 12 survivors • 168 liter hydraulic fluid tanks • Plastic fluid lines • Heater not designed for transportation use www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  15. Baltimore Tunnel Fire www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  16. Importance of information and direction in emergencies The human dynamic for survival in fire emergencies www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  17. Fire and Life Safety in Tunnels • Design • Protection • Fire fighting www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  18. Design Phase • Input from Fire Service is critical • Use of knowledgeable Fire Protection Engineers • Passive and active fire protection, detection, and suppression systems www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  19. Protection Design Considerations • Use of non combustible materials • Use of low flame/low smoke materials • Do not sacrifice safety for aesthetics • While we can control , on a limited basis what is brought in by the public, but we can control “ EVERTHING “ we put into design www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  20. Evacuation Planning • Well marked, lighted and identified exits • Reasonable distances to emergency exits • Training for subway personnel in emergency evacuation www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  21. We can only control, that which we can control. This control is given to us in the planning and design phase. www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  22. Do not overly rely on technology • Titanic • Space Shuttle ( Challenger, Columbia ) • The Hindenburg www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  23. Active Fire Protection Systems • Automatic Sprinkler Systems • Deluge Systems www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  24. Automatic Sprinklers • Proven effective for fire suppression and life safety in buildings • Due to tunnel dynamics and ventilation may be activated remotely and overwhelm system www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  25. Deluge Systems • Preferred • More control www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  26. Water spray system Droplets > 1mm Pressure 1.5-5 bar Water mist system 99% droplets <1mm Pressure approx.100 bar Deluge Systems www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  27. Deluge Systems • Only zone involving fire and adjoining zones • In conjunction with proper detection system • Good results from CCTV monitoring • TRAINED HUMAN DECISION MAKING www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  28. Ventilation Systems • Dual ability ( Positive & Negative ) • Blowing fresh air in face of exiting passengers and smoke away • Ease of control for I.C. ( Communications ) www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  29. Emergency Exits • Marked • Identifiable in reduced visibility • Smoke proof doors • Fresh air fed to exit or “area of refuge” www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  30. System Maintenance • Adequate water supply • Proper pumps to maintain pressure • Ability of Fire Service to augment system • REGULAR INSPECTION OF SYYSTEM www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  31. Needs of The Fire Service • Manpower • Transportation of personnel & equipment • SCBA of proper duration www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  32. Collapsible Rail Cart www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  33. www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  34. 4 Hour Rebreather “ Do we have 4 hour firefighters” ? www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  35. Radio Communications in Tunnels • Usually good on same level • Below grade to street…questionable • Communications is usually the Achilles Heel at incidents www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  36. Fire Safety Training • Operating personnel • Controllers • Supervisors ( decision makers ) • Rapid ability to contact Emergency Services www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  37. Emergency Lighting • Throughout system • Low to be seen in smoke longer • Directing to WELL MARKKED EXIT • Protected from heat and damage www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  38. Problems to be considered regarding active firefighting • Low visibility due to smoke • Distance to be traveled by personnel • Duration of SCBA • Physical limitations of personnel www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

  39. Risk vs. Reward • Severity of heat and smoke condition • Manpower and equipment resources • Span of incident • Ability to control the environment www.kfsd.gov.kw-DonaldHyde

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