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Tang Ying Yu Chongqing Municipality Statistics Bureau

The Statistic Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality. Tang Ying Yu Chongqing Municipality Statistics Bureau.

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Tang Ying Yu Chongqing Municipality Statistics Bureau

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  1. The Statistic Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality Tang Ying Yu Chongqing Municipality Statistics Bureau

  2. Excerpt: Being a newly emerged municipality in China, the city of Chongqing is situated in an interlinked region with the Eastern and Western parts of the country converged together, exhibiting a natural combination of both Eastern and Western social and economic phenomena, in which developed urban economy and backward rural economy coexist simultaneously, forming up a distinctive dually-structured, fragile eco-environment, which is virtually an epitome of the whole national condition of China. In March, 2007, the Central Party Committee and the State Council, having given considerations to the optimization of the overall strategic planning of the regional development of the whole country, made a particular plan for the development of the Chongqing Municipality, requesting that the Municipality adopt a non-balanced development strategic path in coordination with the sustainable development in its endeavors to build Chongqing into a municipality with both its urban and rural developments planned in a whole grand scheme. Therefore, the overall planning of urban-rural development has in fact become the primary and prioritized strategy in the present development stage for Chongqing. Hence, based upon the particular situation and condition of the Municipality and an overall study and mastery of the connotation and intensity on the holistically planned urban-rural development, the actual foundation of the Municipality and its overall planning of urban-and-rural development strategy, as well as by drawing upon relevant experiences from both home and abroad, this thesis has ascertained the “The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality” and the 2020 development goals, which have adopted subjective weight method and synthesized index method in the initial construction of the ‘The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall planning of & Urban and Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality’ 2

  3. Part One: A holistically planned urban-and-rural development is a natural and necessary choice for Chongqing in its scientific development 1. The necessity and requirement due to the Municipality’s particular condition As a famous cultural city with a history stretching over 3,000 years, Chongqing is an old industrial base in western China and at the same time a newly emerged municipality.The colossal Municipality urban system is made up of a very large city (the metropolitan area), six large cities, 25 small and medium sized cities, 495 small towns with a total land area of 82.4 thousand square kilometers. The total registered population reaches 32.35 million people with population density and economy density reaching 393 person/per square kilometers and 5 million Yuan/ per square kilometers respectively, a level 1.9 times higher and 0.9 times higher respectively than the national averages. For the past 11 years since Chongqing became a municipality, its urbanization has kept a rapid development trend at a 1.7% pace on year-by-year basis with its 2007 urbanization rate reaching 48.3%, which exceeded the national average level. 3

  4. Part One: A holistically planned urban-and-rural development is a natural and necessary choice for Chongqing in its scientific development Proportion of population density between Chongqing and the country in 2007 Proportion of economic density between Chongqing and the country in 2007 0.9 times 1.9 times CHINA CHINA Chongqing Chongqing 4

  5. Part One: A holistically planned urban-and-rural development is a natural and necessary choice for Chongqing in its scientific development The urban economy constitutes the principal part of the whole economy of Chongqing. In 2007, the three times of investigation of industrial added value ratios were 11.7：45.9：42.4 respectively. Of its total 412.3 billion Yuan of industrial value, 88.3% was produced in the urban area. Being one of the six oldest industrial bases of China, Chong Qing enjoys a relatively complete modern industrial system with relatively developed industries of automobile and motor, petroleum natural gases, equipment manufacturing, material and metallurgy, electronic information, etc with its industrial sector making up 38.1% of the total national economy, which has a contribution rate above 50% in GDP growth. The rapid industrial growth has become a distinctive feature in the industrial growth structure of the Municipality. At present the per capita GDP of Chong Qing is at a transitional period which ranges from 2000 to 3,000 US dollars, and its industrial structure is in the metaphase of the whole industrialization development with an overall transformation in the economic structure. 5

  6. Part One: A holistically planned urban-and-rural development is a natural and necessary choice for Chongqing in its scientific development Proportion of the three industrial values in Chongqing,2007. Industry percentage in GDP of Chongqing,2007 Industry 38.1% Secondary Industry 45.9% Primary Industry 11.7% Tertiary Industry 42.4% 2007,Of its total 412.3 billion Yuan of industrial value, 88.3% was produced in the urban area. 2007, which has a contribution rate above 50% in GDP growth. 6

  7. Part One: A holistically planned urban-and-rural development is a natural and necessary choice for Chongqing in its scientific development Chongqing is the largest, most populous municipality in China with a widest jurisdiction area that is 5, 7,13 times those of Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai respectively. The total population of Chongqing is 2.7, 3.4, and 2.3 times those of Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai respectively. The total number of regions under the Municipality’s jurisdiction reaches 40, more than twice as many as those of Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai respectively. In 2007, the urban area, which makes up 6.6% of the total of the whole Metropolitan area, possessed 43.5% of the total GDP of the Municipality with its economy density reaching 37.77 million yuan/per square kilometers. Besides, the per capita GDP of Chongqing was 3,690 US dollars, climbing up to those of countries with middle level incomes, as publicized by the World Bank. In contrast to the urban area, the economy densities in regions outside the metropolitan area of the Municipality is only 3.03 million Yuan/per square kilometers with a per capita GDP at 1485 US dollars, or 1.5 times lower than that of the metropolitan area. The difference of incomes between the urban and rural residents is 3.91:1. In addition to those, the particular and special fabrication of large city, large countryside, large reservoir area, and large mountainous area leads to huge unbalanced developments between the urban and rural, and among different regions. Due to such a dually structured feature, the Municipality is faced with a pressing and arduous task in its economic development. 7

  8. Part One: A holistically planned urban-and-rural development is a natural and necessary choice for Chongqing in its scientific development Comparison of area Comparison of population 2.3 times 2.7 times 3.4 times 13 times 5 times 7 times BeiJing TianJin ShangHai ChongQing BeiJing TianJin ShangHai ChongQing 8

  9. Part One: A holistically planned urban-and-rural development is a natural and necessary choice for Chongqing in its scientific development 2. Requirements Laid Out in the “314” Overall Planning by the Central Party Committee and the State Council Three Orientations An important economic growth pole in the Western area of China An economic center in the upper reach region of the Yangtze River A municipality under an holistically planned scheme of urban and rural development One Goal (namely, being a pioneer in the realization of building up a overall moderately well-off society in the Western region) Four Great Tasks intensify the efforts of promoting agriculture with industrial strength promote the development of the rural area with that of the urban area in its step-by-step and down-to-earth mannered endeavors of pushing forward the construction of the socialist new countryside practically transform the economic growth mode and speed up the paces in the adjustment of its old industrial base; come up with practical measures to solve problems concerning people’s livelihood so as to build up a harmonious socialist society quicken its steps in urbanization construction with enhanced management level and skills 9

  10. Part One: A holistically planned urban-and-rural development is a natural and necessary choice for Chongqing in its scientific development 3. Requirements by the general logical laws in urbanization development The relationships between industrial workers and farmers, and those between urban and rural areas are natural issues and problems that all countries in the world must face and find solutions during their economic social developments. Viewed by the general logical law as shown in various countries in the world, during the initial period of industrialization, it is a common trend that agriculture should support and provide accumulations to the industrial development. However, when the industrialization has reached a certain level and degree, it is also a common trend for the industry to give back its support to agriculture in realizing a coordinated development between industry and agriculture and that between the urban and rural areas. Right now, the economic development of Chongqing has stepped into a special period where its economy and social structure is undergoing a rapid adjustment. The fine and healthy interactions and mutual promotions between industrialization and urbanization have provided good opportunities for the implementation of a holistically planned strategy of the urban-and-rural development, optimizing the industrial layout, guiding the task assignments and cooperation of both urban and rural areas, as well as building up policies and system for the coordinated development of the urban and rural areas so as to lay a solid foundation for finding out solutions so as to address the problems of weak agricultural bases, low income farmers, and lagged development of the countryside. 10

  11. Part One: A holistically planned urban-and-rural development is a natural and necessary choice for Chongqing in its scientific development 3. Requirements by the general logical laws in urbanization development The colossal systematic project of the holistically planned urban-and-rural area development is, in effect, a strategic adjustment made on a whole national economic and social development level. In pushing forward the holistically planned urban-and-rural area development, close attention should be attached to the dynamic situation of the urban-rural social development with an overall analysis and an accurate judgment on the actual course according to various strategies regarding the holistically planned development and its existing problems. Thereby, as government statistic organizations, we should actively promote our research on the construction of “The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development” and try to materialize the system at an earliest possible date so as to carry out periodic monitoring and appraisals on the strategic goals in the overall planned development of the whole Municipality, thus laying out foundations for governments on various levels to make, adjust, and perfect their policies in this regard. 11

  12. Part two: Connotations and Main Features of the Overall Planning of Urban & Rural Development 1. Some classic discourses on overall planning of urban & rural development In ‘The Principles of Communism’, Engels points out: ‘… only through eradicating the old-moded job assignments…and through sharing welfare created by the common efforts of the whole society, as well as through the amalgamation of the city and the countryside, can talents of the whole society members be fully developed.’ Lenin also points out that ‘The status of rural residents can only be improved, freeing them from isolated and helpless situation and position when they have migrated into the cities with a mingling of both agricultural and non-agricultural populations’. ‘It is just this very appropinquity of living conditions of the agricultural and non-agricultural populations that can create conditions for eradicating the antitheses or contradictions between the city and the countryside. The development economist Louis enthusiastically argues that ‘Urban centers should be established to form greater regional unity so as to reconstruct balances between the urban and rural areas with all the residents enjoying benefits brought about by a genuine city life’. The Howard garden city theory proposes the development path to realize the combination of city and the countryside under industrialization: ‘Replacing the old social structure of antitheses between the urban and rural areas with a new social structure of the integration of the both’. 12

  13. Part two: Connotations and Main Features of the Overall Planning of Urban & Rural Development 2. Discourse made by the Sixteenth Party Congress Report on the holistically planned urban-rural development At the Sixteenth Party Congress Report, it was pointed out that: ‘It is a momentous and important task that an overall planning of the urban-rural economic social development and the construction of a modern agriculture and the development of the agricultural economy to increase farmers’ incomes should be realized’. At the 3rd Plenary Meeting of the Sixteenth Party Congress, it was pointed out that: ‘ A fuller play must be given to the basic and essential role of the market in resource collocations so as to provide strong and forcible systematic assurances to building up a all-round moderate well-off society through abiding by the principles of an overall planning of urban-rural development, of regional development, of social and economic development, of a natural and harmonious development between humanity and the great nature, as well as of a holistic planning of domestic development and requirements for opening up to the outside world’. Furthermore, the Fourth Plenary Meeting of the Sixteenth Party Congress also stresses: ‘Supports must be returned to agriculture by industry so that a coordinated and harmonious development between industry and agriculture, and that between urban and rural areas can be achieved’. 13

  14. Part two: Connotations and Main Features of the Overall Planning of Urban & Rural Development 3. Discourse in strategic development planning for Chongqing on the holistically planned urban and rural development urban and rural land management and usage system the urban and rural labor force employment urban and rural social security system, public fiscal system the orderly transformation of farmers to urban residents urban and rural social security system six reforming experiments five key tasks public fiscal system public services rural financial system income distribution urban and rural administrative systems development and planning We must speed up the implementation of what we call “One Circle and Two Wings” strategic layout, and build up the socialist new countryside with practical and down-to-earth measures. Great efforts must also be put into the construction of the New Three Georges Reservoir Zone and we must quicken our steps in perfecting integrated transportation and communication hinges in order to upgrade the “soft” management strength of Chong Qing. On top of those, we must also strengthen regional cooperation and build the growth pole in the Western region and hold up to the policy of greater opening up to the outside world so as to promote greater development of Chong Qing. 14

  15. Part two: Connotations and Main Features of the Overall Planning of Urban & Rural Development 1. The holistic planning of urban and rural systems which encompass an overall planning of the urban and rural labor force employment system, and that of household management system, and that of fiscal distribution and transferred payment system, that of the social security system, and that of the educational and public health system, etc. the connotation of the holistically planned urban and rural development 2. The holistic planning mainly concerns some basic factors of the urban and rural areas including holistically planned basic factors of the urban and rural areas, including the land factors, the capital management, and human resources, etc. 3. The connotation covers holistic planning of urban and rural relationships such as an overall planning of urban and rural relations in different trades and industries, that of regional relationship, and that of the urban and rural residents, etc. In constructing The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of Urban & Rural Development, emphasis should be laid upon reflecting the urban and rural structure that involves various basic factors in the overall planning of urban and rural development, characteristics of the changes in regional structures, as well as the connections between microcosmic and macrocosmic aspects with descriptive indicators as the foundation and integrated indexes as the main elements. Correlation among various indicators must also be made clear so as to increase the information volume covered by the monitoring indicator system. 15

  16. Part three: Goals, principles, and methods in constructing The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of Urban & Rural Development 1. Goals 1. Building up the platform for constructing the holistically planned urban and rural development and making synthesized use of the information resources of each and every government department. The goals in constructing The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development. 2. Keeping track of the actual progress of implementing the strategy of urban and rural development of Chong Qing and monitoring the dynamic urban and rural development, as well as the shortcomings and problems. 3. Providing guiding services to making and perfecting policies and measures for constructing the Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development and giving full play to the role of aptitude and qualifications of the statistic science. 16

  17. Part three: Goals, principles, and methods in constructing The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of Urban & Rural Development 2. Principles (1) Principle regarding the levels The holistically planned urban and rural development is a complicated system, which can be divided into several subsystems according to some inherent relationships. Hence, in describing and giving appraisals on the holistically planned urban and rural economic and social development as regards its extent and status, different indicators should be used on different levels so as to facilitate the adjustment and control over economic and social problems on different levels by policy makers of the Party and Government. (2) Principles of being measurable and comparability The measurable degree refers to the good sensibility of the monitoring indicator system with biggest possible quantified changes clearly reflected. The comparability stands for the transverse and longitudinal comparisons according to the unified definition of certain indicator(s). Principle of the unity between urban and rural areas must be abided by so as to break any dual standards as regards making appraisals of urban and rural developments. (3) Principle of combining completeness and simplicity The urban and rural differences lie in different economic and social aspects. Therefore, it is imperative that the monitoring indicator system should have an all-round coverage with a synthesized reflection of the various factors concerning the holistically planned urban and rural development. Meanwhile, due to many-faceted restrictions, such elements as refinedness, explicitness, and representiveness must also be requested so as to give accurate and clear-cut reflections of the problems. 17

  18. Part three: Goals, principles, and methods in constructing The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of Urban & Rural Development 2. Principles (4)Principle of relevancy and dynamics The core issue regarding an overall planning of urban and rural development is the materialization of a coordinated development between urban and rural areas, and between and among different industries and trades, and between the economic and social aspects. Intimate and inherent relations must be kept among various motoring indicators so that better appraisals can be made as regards to what extent the development of urban and rural aspects has been accomplished. Besides, the chosen monitoring indicators must possess certain dynamic sensibilities. (5)Principle of compatibility with constructing an all-round well-off society The overall planning of urban and rural development is a strategic path leading to the realization of the goals in constructing an all-round well-off society as well as the inherent major factors in this regard with the coordinated urban and rural development and a happy life enjoyed by all the people as the starting point and foundation. Accordingly, the Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development should be compatible with the system of monitoring indicators in constructing an all-round well-off society, and in a like manner, the course and progress of the holistically planned urban and rural development must also be kept in conformity with those of building up an all-round well-off society towards a same direction. 18

  19. Part three: Goals, principles, and methods in constructing The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of Urban & Rural Development 3. Ascertaining the target values The bordering target value of the statistic monitoring indicators of the holistically planned urban & rural development takes the present actual foundation of the economic society of Chongqing as its precondition, and it is based upon the goals set for the holistically planned urban and rural development strategy and the monitored goals set for constructing an all-round well-off society of the whole country, as well as based upon synthesizing standards practiced in some relatively developed Eastern provinces and cities in China and those in some of the advanced countries. 19

  20. Part three: Goals, principles, and methods in constructing The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of Urban & Rural Development 4. Ascertaining the weight values In ascertaining of the weight values for The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of Urban and Rural Development, layer-by-layer structured and Delphi weight modes in the subjective weight methods have been adopted. The basic procedures are as follows: the general framework of the indicator system is divided into four subsystems, 19 first level indicators and 45 secondary level indicators. The first step is ascertaining the weight of the four subsystems; the second step is ascertaining the weight of each first level indicator in the four subsystems; the third step is ascertaining the weight of each of the second level indicator under the first level indicator; and the final step is calculating the weight of each indicator towards the general goal. As the experts generally agreed upon the opinions regarding the weight values, two rounds of inquiries were conducted. 20

  21. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 1.The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality According to the connotations and principles of constructing The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development, we have adopted 45 secondary level indicators, which are further synthesized into 19 first level indicators, forming up The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development. (See the following table for detailed information and contents) 21

  22. The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 22

  23. The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 23

  24. The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 24

  25. The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 25

  26. The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 26

  27. The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 27

  28. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (1) Urbanization rate reaching 70% By 2002 world statistics, the average urbanization rate of countries with high incomes had reached 77%, that of countries with middle higher incomes had reached 75%, and that of countries with middle or lower incomes had reached 49%. As for the Municipality of Chongqing, the urbanization rate by 2020 will have reached 70%, a level close to that of countries with middle higher incomes. 28

  29. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (2) Per capita GDP reaching 32,000 Yuan The Sixteenth Party Congress ascertained the goal of quadrupling GDP by the 2020, and the Seventeenth Party Congress modified the goal as quadrupling the per capita GDP. By 2000, the per capita GDP of China was 7,858 Yuan. According to comparable prices, by 2020, the per capita GDP will have reached 31,432 Yuan. As for Chongqing, the set target value is 32,000 Yuan. 29

  30. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (3)The GDP ratio of ‘One Circle’ and ‘Two Wings’ to be kept at 2:1 From 2000 to 2007, the GDP ratio of ‘One Circle’ and ‘Two Wings’ of the Municipality was kept around 2.5:1. Along with the implementation of the holistically planned development strategy of ‘One Circle’ leading ‘Two Wings’, the development of the ‘One Circle’ and ‘Two Wings’ will gradually reach a coordinated development situation where the per capita GDP will be further reduced to as low as 2:1 by 2020. 30

  31. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (4)Duality structured index to be kept below 40％ The Duality structured index is a relative figure in weighing and measuring urban and rural differences. The smaller the figure, the smaller the difference is. This index is made by integrating such synthesized indexes as labor force employment structure, industrial structure, population structure, and household registration. The formula of duality structured index is as follows: Duality structured index = ( proportion of agricultural added value + proportion of agricultural work force + agricultural population) ÷ (proportion of non- agricultural added value + proportion of non- agricultural work force + proportion of non- agricultural population). Taking consideration of the essential status of agriculture in the whole economic development, the agricultural economy must be kept on a considerable scale. It is expected that by 2020, the proportion of agricultural added value will be 7%, and the proportion of agricultural work force and agricultural population will be 35-40%. By such a calculation method, the duality-structured index will drop to below 40% by then. 31

  32. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (5) Land consolidation index no less than 60% The land consolidation index reflects land transfer and consolidation degree, and it reflects the ratio of land with certain sizable or larger area under business activities to the total land area. The so-named “sizable land area” refers to that, during the process of transferring land management right, the land area of the recipients under business operation reaches 20 mu or (and) above on a per household basis Land consolidation rate = land with certain sizable (or larger) area under business activities÷the total land area×100% Land consolidation is the only and necessary path in constructing modern countryside and materializing the urban-rural integration. According to the target set forth in reforming urban and rural land transfer and with references to international experiences, we have ascertained that the targeted value of land consolidation management index be set at 60%. 32

  33. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (6) Index of rural marketing trend reaching 90% or above The index of rural marketing trend is synthesized through agricultural products-turned commodities and farmers’ consumption market rate, respectively by 40% and 60% through weight value synthesis. The rural marketing trend and integration of urban and rural marketing is an important aspect in the holistically planned urban and rural development. According to requirements set forth for the development of urban-rural marketing and drawing upon valuable experiences from the advanced countries, we have thus ascertained that agricultural products-turned commodities and farmers’ consumption market rate respectively be set at 80% and 95% with the index of rural marketing trend reaching 90%. 33

  34. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (7) Urban and rural educational development index reaching 100% The urban and rural educational development index is the ratio value of the rural and urban educational development indexes. The educational development index is a synthesized index, which can reflect the development level in the educational field. This index is synthesized by four indexes, namely, per capita educational expenditure of school students, the number of full-time teachers owned by per thousand school students, gross enrollment rate of high school education, and proportion of middle vocational educational students presently studying at school. We have set this target value at 100%. Details concerning this aspect are as follows: 34

  35. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (7) Urban and rural educational development index reaching 100% A. Per capita educational expenditure of school students: Given that the average proportion of educational expenditure and GDP in countries with middle level incomes is 4.3%, and the fact that there have been much too many arrears in essential education as far as Chongqing is concerned, we have therefore set our own target value in this regard to be half of that in countries with middle level incomes. By 2020, the GDP of Chongqing will have reached 2000 billion Yuan, and according to the statistic data concerning the population, the number of school students will climb up to 5,931,540 with per capita educational expenditure of school students as high as 7,250 Yuan. B. The number of full-time teachers owned by per thousand school students: According to general logical law in educational development, a rational ratio of teachers and students should be no higher than 1:10, namely, the number of full-time teachers owned by per thousand school students should be as many as 100. 35

  36. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (7) Urban and rural educational development index reaching 100% C. Gross enrollment rate of high school education: As required by the overall planning of urban and rural development scheme, as well as the specific development goals set for educational undertakings in Chongqing, by 2020, high school education will have been popularized. Therefore, by then, the gross enrollment rate of high school education will reach 100%. D. Proportion of middle vocational educational students presently studying at school The Chongqing Municipality’s goal in this regard is to further strengthen its vocational technical training on the basis of popularizing high school education with a far greater development of vocational education. As a result, the proportion of middle vocational educational students studying at school will have reached 20％ by 2020. 36

  37. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (8) Urban and rural development indexes The urban and rural public health development index is the ratio value of rural and urban public health indexes. The public health development index is a synthesized index that reflects the level of public health and medical care. This synthesized index is made up of three indexes, namely, the number of licensed (or assistant) physicians owned by per thousand people, the number of patient beds per thousand people, and the community health service center coverage rate. According to the theory of an overall planning of urban and rural development concerning requirements of equality and equalization of public services, we have hence set our target value at 100%. Amongst which: 37

  38. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (8) Urban and rural development indexes A. The number of licensed (or assistant) physicians owned by per thousand people: given the fact that, the present number of doctors owned by per thousand people in EU countries is 30 or above, whereas that in the relatively developed regions in China is as high as 40 or above, and through an overall consideration, the targeted number set for Chongqing is 36(doctors). B. The number of patient beds per thousand people: as this indicator in countries with middle level incomes has reached 34(patient beds per then thousand people), hence that of Chongqing should also reach such a level by 2020. C. The community health service center coverage rate: according to the set goal of the Chongqing Municipal Government, this indicator will reach 100%. 38

  39. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (9) Index of basic urban and rural social security coverage reaching 125% Index of basic urban and rural social security coverage refers to the ratio of rural and urban index of basic urban and rural social security coverage. The basic urban and rural social security coverage represents the proportion of those people who already enjoy basic retirement insurance, basic medical care insurance, and lowest possible livelihood insurance in the total population entitled to such treatments. According to the basic requirements and direction for development, the number of people in China who are supposed to enjoy the basic social insurance should include the total labor force in urban and rural areas, covering also regular retirees and retired people with fully paid salaries in their retirement. With a view to meet the demands set forth in the basic social insurance according to the overall planning of development for urban and rural areas, by 2020, the basic rural social insurance should reach 80％or above with the standard value set at 125％(with agriculture as 100). 39

  40. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (10) Equal income distribution index at set 100% Geordie coefficient is an indicator used to weigh the equality and equalization of income distribution. It is a interregional moderate indicator with its maximum value set at ‘1’, minimum value at ‘0’, below 0.2 regarded as being highly equalized, 0.2-0.3 as relatively equalized, 0.3-0.4 as relatively rational, and 0.4 or above as too great a disparity. In a holistically planned urban and rural development scheme, we should not only seek after the equality in income distribution, but also take considerations of the general logical law, which applies to the present stage of development of Chongqing. Hence, we must pursue a relatively rational distribution of incomes with the ascertained targeted standard value set at between 0.3 and 0.4. 40

  41. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (11)Urban and rural livelihood service index set at 100% The urban and rural livelihood service index refers to the ratio of indexes regarding urban and rural livelihood service level, which reflects the level of service provided to the livelihood of the residents. Being a synthesized index, it represents some major aspects that concern services enjoyed by the residents in their daily lives (such as tap water drinking, household electricity consumption, transportation, broadcasting and television, telecommunication, as well as improvement in harm-free disposal rate of household garbage, etc). The overall planning of urban and rural development requires that the countryside should enjoy just as much livelihood service as the urban area. Due to the wide gap between the target and the reality, both the requirement for development and the feasibility in reality have been fully considered in the determination of the target value, so as to narrow the gap as much as possible. 41

  42. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (12) Resident income index set at 100% Resident income index is a synthesized index used to weigh and measure the overall income level of urban and rural residents and the differences in this regard, which consists of per capita disposable income of the urban resident families, per capita net income of the rural resident families, and per capita net income of the urban and rural resident families, and proportion of urban and rural resident incomes. By 2020, the per capita disposable income of the urban resident families will have reached 18,000(by 2000 comparable price, and hereafter the same method applies). Because of the implementation of the policies in the holistically planned urban and rural development, the per capita net income of the rural resident families will see an even rapider increase reaching 14,400 Yuan. The income difference and gap between urban and rural residents will be reduced to below 200%, with standard value of residents’ income index set at 100%. 42

  43. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (13) Index of the residents' consumptive expenditure at 100% The index of the residents' consumptive expenditure is a comparative figure used to weigh and measure the overall level of expenditures of the urban and rural residents and their differences. It is a synthesized index that reflects the living conditions of both the urban and rural residents. This index is made up of the three indexes upon synthesized weight values, namely, per capita expenditure of urban residents, per capita expenditure of rural residents, and proportion of per capita consumptive expenditure of urban and rural residents. According to analytic estimation on the historical data of the developed provinces in the Eastern region and the development trend of Chongqing, by 2020, the resident consumption trend in the Municipality is expected to reach 75% with corresponding consumptive expenditure at 13,500 Yuan. The expenditure trend of rural residents is expected to reach as high as 80% with the corresponding expenditure level climbing up to 11,520 Yuan. The proportion of per capita consumptive expenditure of urban and rural residents is set at below 180% (with agriculture as 100) 43

  44. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (14) Engel's coefficient index of urban residents at 100% The Engel's coefficient index of urban residents is a synthesized index that reflects the quality of lives of urban and rural residents, as well as the differences and gaps between the two. The index is composed of Engel’s coefficient index of the residents, Engel's coefficient index of the rural residents, and proportion of Engel's coefficient index of the urban and rural residents. The bigger the index value is, the worse the quality of living condition is, and the bigger the differences between urban and rural areas are. As demanded in the goals for building an all-round and well-off society, as well as combining the specific requests concerning the overall planning of urban and rural development of Chongqing, the targeted value of Engel's coefficient index is thus set at 33% and 40% for the urban and rural residents respectively with the proportion of Engel's coefficient index of the urban and rural residents set at above 84% ( with agriculture as 100). 44

  45. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (15) Index of exported rural labor force set at 72% The index of exported rural labor force is a synthesized index that reflects labor force export regarding such aspects as the total amount of rural labor force having been transferred during a certain period of time, and its pattern, space distribution, and efficiency, etc. This index is synthesized by four following indexes, namely, proportion of the already transferred rural labor force in the total labor force in the countryside, proportion of newly increased transferred labor force having undergone technical training in total number of the transferred labor force people, newly increased organized transferred labor force in total number of the transferred labor force people, and labor force that has been transferred outside the city in the total number of people of the transferred labor force. 45

  46. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (15) Index of exported rural labor force set at 72% In consideration of the importance that the remaining rural labor force, along with natural population growth and urbanization process, should also be transferred as much as possible, the ratio of rural labor force to be transferred in our Municipality should reach 70%. In the total transferred labor force, the ratio of that to be exported outside of the city should be as high as 60%. The present major task in this regard is to enhance the intensity and organization degree in technical training of the newly increased transferred labor force. Therefore, the proportion of newly increased transferred labor force having undergone technical training should be as high as 80%, and the proportion of the newly increased organized transferred labor force should reach 80%. Considering those factors such as the self-growth of agriculture, the natural growth of population, urbanization process, as well as the need of labor force in the construction of the new socialist countryside, etc, the index of exported labor force in our Municipality should reach 72%. 46

  47. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (16) Labor force absorption rate at 74% The labor force absorption rate is an integrated index that can reflect labor force absorption. This index is synthesized by three minor indexes, namely, labor force absorption by regional fabrication, labor force absorption by industrial fabrication, and rural origin-turned labor force having been transferred to work in urban areas in the total number of the transferred labor force people. Based upon the multiple-element nature of the fabrication of employed people in the urban area, as well as the scale of transferred rural labor force, we have ascertained that the targeted value of accumulated transferred rural workers should make up some 60% of the total of the presently employed people in the urban areas. Among the transferred rural labor force, the proportion of those transferred to non-agricultural aspects should reach 100%, of which 80% of those transferred into urban areas should also have their residence registration simultaneously transferred into the city. Also ascertained is that the labor force absorption index should reach 74%. 47

  48. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (17) Index concerning migrant workers’ rights and interests insurance set at 100% The index concerning migrant workers’ rights and interests insurance is a synthesized index reflecting insurance of migrant workers’ rights and interests, covering such aspects as social insurance, maintenance of rights and interests, and living conditions, etc of the migrant rural workers. The index of migrant workers’ rights and interests insurance is made up of the following five minor indexes, namely, employment contract signing and implementation rate, social insurance rate covering work-related injuries, medical care, and retirement life, etc, minimum wage insurance rate, housing insurance rate, and insurance of rural migrants’ children’s enrollment rate. These above five indexes make up the major aspects as regards the legitimate rights and interests of the migrant rural workers. The holistically planned urban and rural development requires that the legitimate rights and interests of the migrant rural workers should enjoy the same insurance as that of urban residents. Therefore the targeted value in this regard for the migrant rural workers is set at 100%. 48

  49. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (18) Index of environment for self-established business by the farmers set at 80% The index of environment for self-established business by the farmers is a synthesized index that reflects the overall situation and condition in terms of the “soft and hard” environments for self-established business by the farmers. The improvement of environment for self-established business is a dynamic process, which, along with the economic and industrial layout, needs constant improving and which also includes the subjective feeling of the business creators and investors. Therefore, given the above reasons, we have ascertained that the targeted value be set at 80%. 49

  50. Part four: Main Contents of The Monitoring and Appraisal System of the Overall Planning of & Rural Development of the Chongqing Municipality 2.Interpretation of the methodology of synthesized monitored indicators and the target values (19) Index of self-established business by farmers having returned to their own home countryside set at 30% The index of self-established business by farmers having returned to their own home countryside refers to the proportion of the self-established business by farmers who have met the requirements and standard for returning to their own home countryside in the total labor force having already been transferred. The calculation formula is as follows: Index of self-established business by the farmers having returned to their own home countryside = the proportion of the self-established business by the farmers who have met the requirements and standard for returning to their own home countryside÷the total labor force having already been transferred. The self-established business by rural workers having returned to their home countryside has very close and intimate relationships with the local investment environment and the actual capability of the rural workers. According to the present situation of our municipality in this regard, and given that the general diathesis of the labor force is relatively rather low, their economic and technical strength for self-establishing their own business, as well as the fact that the relatively fewer numbers of farmers who have met the requirements and standard for returning to their own home countryside, etc, we have set the periodic targeted value of index of self-established business by the farmers having returned to their own home countryside at 30%. 50

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