PTT 444 TECHNOLOGIES IN SOCIETY

1. PTT 444 TECHNOLOGIES IN SOCIETY • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

2. SAFETY & HEALTH PROGRAM AT WORK PLACE Scope of Lectures: -What is Safety and Health Program -Safety & Health Milestones in Malaysia -Statistics

3. WHAT IS SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM?

4. SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM – WHY?

5. THE ACTS - two most important FACTORIES ACT 1967 OSHA ACT 1994

6. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 WHAT ARE THE PROVISION UNDER THE OCCUPATIONAL Safety and Health Act 0f 1994

7. Do you know that it is theduty of our EMPLOYER underthe Occupational Safety and Health Act 0f 1994 to:

8. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 • Do you know that it is theduty of our EMPLOYER underthe Occupational Safety and Health Act 0f 1994 to: • a)Ensure oursafety, health and welfareat our workplace by: • the provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work that are safe and without risks to health; • making of arrangements for ensuring safety and absence of risks to health in connection with the use or operation, handling, storage and transport of plant and substances; • the provision of such information, instruction, training and supervision as is necessary to ensure the safety and health at work; • maintaining the workplace in a condition that is safe and without risks to health and the provision and maintenance of the means of access to and egress from it that are safe and without such risks; • the provision and maintenance of a working environment which is safe, without risks to health and adequate as regards to facilities for our welfare at work.

9. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 • b)Formulate safety and health policy: • as often as may be appropriate revise a written statement of his general policy with respect to the safety and health at work; • arrangements for the time being in force for carrying out thepolicy; • to bring the statement and any revision of it to the noticeof all of his employees.

10. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 c. Employ a competent person to act as a Safety and Health Officer at the place of work exclusively for the purpose of ensuring the due observance at the place of work of the provisions of the OSHA and its regulations and the promotion of a safe conduct of work at the place of work.

11. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 d)   Establish a Safety and Health Committee at the place of work if there are 40 or more persons employed at the place of work

12. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 e)Consult the Safety and HealthCommittee with a view to the making and maintenance of arrangements which will enable him and his employees to co-operate effectively in promoting and developing measures to ensure the safety and health at the place of work of the employees and in checking the effectiveness of such measures.

13. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 f)Notify the nearest Occupational Safety and Health Office of any accident, dangerous occurrence,occupational poisoning or occupational disease which has occurred oris likely to occur at the place of work.

14. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 g. General duties of employers and self-employed persons to persons other than their employees. It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-employed person to conduct his undertaking in such as manner as to ensure, so far as is practicable, that he and other persons, not being his employees, who may be affected are not thereby exposed to risks to their safety or health

15. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 H. General duties of manufacturers, etc as regards plant for use at work. (1) It shall be the duty of a person who designs, manufactures, imports or supplies any plant for use at work- (a) to ensure, so far as is practicable, that the plant is so designed and constructed as to be safe and without risks to health when properly used; …….. (2) It shall be the duty of a person who undertakes the design or manufacturing of any plant for use at work to carry out or arrange for the carry out of any necessary research with the view to discovery and, so far as practicable, the elimination or minimization of any risk to safety or health to which the design or plant may give rise.

16. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 Nevertheless, it is our duty as employees to:

17. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS UNDER OSHA 1994 WHAT ARE THE PROVISION UNDER THE FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967

18. FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967 Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE Provisions relating to safety, etc 10. Without prejudice to any law with respect to local authorities, in respect of any factory, the following provisions relating to safety shall apply: (a) foundation and floor….. (e) every openings, sump, pit or fixed vessel in a floor , or working level shall be securely fenced so as to prevent risk of persons falling;….

19. FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967 Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE Persons exposed to explosive, inflammable, etc., substances 11. In a factory in which persons are exposed to risk of bodily injury from explosive, inflammable, poisonous or corrosive substances or ionizing radiations, such measures as may be prescribed shall be taken as will eliminate the risk.

20. FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967 Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE Lifting of weights 12. No person shall be employed to lift, carry or move any load so heavy as to be likely to cause injury to him

21. FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967 Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE Construction of machinery 14. All machinery and every part thereof including all fittings and attachment shall be of sound construction and sound material free from defect and suitable for the purpose and shall be properly maintained

22. FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967 Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE Projecting material 16. In respect to such machinery as may be prescribed, any part of any material carried by that machinery while it is working thereon which projects beyond any part of the machinery shall be effectively fenced unless it is in such a position as to be safe to any person employed or working on or renting the premises.

23. FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967 Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE Machinery manufactured or repaired must comply with regulations 18 (1) No person shall manufacture, repair or install machinery in such a manner that it does not comply with the provisions of this Act and any regulations made thereunder applicable to such machinery

24. FACTORY AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967 Part II. SAFETY, HEALTH AND WELFARE Provisions relating to health • 22 (1) Without prejudice to any law to public health, in respect of any factory the following provisions relating to health of persons shall apply: • every factory shall be kept in a clean state and free from offensive effluvia arising from any drain, sanitary convenience or other source … • the maximum number of persons employed at any one time in any work-room in any factory shall be such that the amount of cubic feet of space and superficial feet of floor area allowed in the work-room for each person are not less than the amount of cubic feet of space and superficial feet of floor area prescribed either generally or for the particular class of work carried on in • the work-room

25. Milestones in the safetymovement • - Boiler Enactment 1890. 1st legislation in the country to address safety issues. Mandatory inspections of boilers by the Mines Department inspectors. • 1913- Machinery Ordinance 1913. Superseded all the Boiler Enactment. • 1932- Machinery Enactment 1932. Updated. Addition on provision on registration and inspection of machinery installation. Enforced by Dept. of Mines. • 1953- Machinery Ordinance 1953. Superseded all previous Regulations. 4 Regulations were enacted, one was Safety and Health and Fire 1953; Enforced by Dept of Machinery, Min of Labor. • 1967- Factory and Machinery Act 1967. Superseded Machinery Ordinance 1953. Fill the gaps, cover all aspects on industry – safety and health in all work place defined as factories (before, people worked in workplace where there was no machinery were unprotected). BUT work force under agriculture, forestry, fishing, construction, finance and public services not protected. Enforced by Factory and Machinery Dept. • 1970- Regulations. • 1991- Bright Sparklers factory explosion in Sungai Buluh killed 22 workers. Stiffer penalties to employers failed to safeguard workers. {Bhopal tragedy in India 1984 (3000 killed, 50,000 suffered disability and Chernobyl nuclear power disaster in Russia 1986}. • 1994-Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA). To meet Malaysian fast economic growth to become an industrialized state by 2020 . Plug the weakness of 1967 Act. Provide general guidelines how to create a safe environment at work. All protected. Except those working on board ships (Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952, Merchant Shipping Ordinance (Sabah & Sarawak) 1960.

26. STATISTICS FATALITY AND ACCIDENTS IN WORK PLACE • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

27. RATES OF OCCURRENCE OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS and FATALITY in MALAYSIA Accidents per 1,000 workers Lies Fatalities per 100,000 workers Ratio: 1 accident : 203 fatalities Frequency Rates of Occurrences of Occupational Accidents and Fatalities (source: Bahagian Dasar dan Penyelidikan, JKKP)

28. OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS BY SECTOR FOR CATEGORY OF NPD* UNTIL DECEMBER 2010 (INVESTIGATED) *NPD – Non-Permanent Disability • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

29. OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS BY SECTOR FOR CATEGORY OF PD* UNTIL DECEMBER 2010 (INVESTIGATED) *PD – Permanent Disability • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

30. OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS BY SECTOR FOR CATEGORY OF DEATH UNTIL DECEMBER 2010 (INVESTIGATED) • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

31. CHALLENGES OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS • Industrial Accidents is on the decline but the compensation paid is on the increase • Accidents are more severe in nature and have longer medical leave • Minor accidents are not reported • Total number of Commuting Accidents increased by 9%

32. Challenges of Occupational Diseases • Reported OD cases for 2009 increased by 85 % • Total number of OD is expected to increase due to long latency period, before the disease manifests and individual susceptibility factor • New emerging diseases is on the increase • Medical surveillance is not done according to the regulations for early intervention and thus disease may appear later with much more serious complication

33. PROVISION OF SAFE AND HEALTHY WORK ENVIRONMENT THAT ACCIDENTS AND ILLNESS CAN BE PREVENTED IS A VERY IMPORTANT ASPECT IN ENGINEERING PROFESSION • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

34. Benefits of Good OSH • Reduce lost time • Reduce needs to provide cover for personnel absent from work because of injury • Reduce sick pay payments • Reduce need for time-consuming accident investigation and consequent saving in management time and production down-time • Reduced potential for prosecution and other enforcement action by authorities • Reduction in the number of claims forcompensation by injured personnel

35. Benefits of Good OSH …continue • Reduce employer’s liability insurance premiums • Improved morals • Improved image of company, both in terms of employer and competent contractor • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

36. CASE STUDIES ON SUCCESSFULL IMLPEMENTATION OF HEALTH & SAFETY PROGRAM • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

37. Case study - North Staffordshire Combined Healthcare NHS Trust • The board found itself facing service improvement targets. Using new corporate and clinical guidance, it set about taking a 'whole systems' approach to managing corporate risk, giving one of its directors responsibility for the leadership of health and safety for the first time. Health and safety was also made a key item on the board agenda. • This has resulted in a much better integrated health and safety management system that increases the opportunity to identify and manage all corporate risks, and a much more open culture, improving reporting and monitoring. The board actively promotes a culture that gives staff the confidence to report incidents. • This has resulted in: • incidence rates reduced by 16% over two years; • insurance premiums reduced by 10% - financial implication.

38. Case study - British Sugar • The company had an excellent safety record and had no indication of the devastating events that were to happen – in one year three deaths occurred. Although health and safety had always been a business priority, a change in focus was needed to achieve behavioural change. This included: • the CEO assigning health and safety responsibilities to all directors, and monthly reports go to the board; • creating effective working partnerships with employees, trade unions and others; • overseeing a behavioural change programme and audits; • publishing annual health and safety targets, and devising initiatives to meet them. • Results include: • time lost to injuries reduced by 43% over a two year period; • 63% reduction in major issues over the course of a year; • much greater understanding by directors of health and safety risks.

39. Case study – Mid and West Wales Fire and Rescue Service • To give health and safety a high priority, Mid and West Wales Fire and Rescue Service recognised that it was critical for its leadership to demonstrate to its staff that accountability for health and safety was a fundamental element in the success of its overall service delivery. The director of service policy and planning was nominated as the health and safety director for the service in order to clearly define the importance this subject held within the organisation. The director implemented a revised health and safety framework, which included a programme of fire station visits to engage the workforce, and placed a renewed emphasis on improving incident reporting, investigation and monitoring procedures. • The service has reported: • £100,000 reduction in insurance liability premiums in one year through improved corporate strategic risk management; • 50% reduction in sickness absence through work related injury over a two year period; • 50% reduction in injury incidence rate over a three year period.

40. Case study – Sainsbury's • An external health and safety audit identified a need to develop a unified approach, and also recommended more direction from the board, to develop an effective strategy. • The result was a radical revision of the company's approach, including: • the group human resources director creating a health and safety vision, supported by a plan with targets over three years; • training on health and safety responsibilities was introduced for all board directors. • This has resulted in: • the board providing a role model for health and safety behaviour; • 17% reduction in sickness absence; • 28% reduction in reportable incidents; • improved morale and pride in working for the company; • raising the profile of health and safety so it is becoming embedded in the culture of the organization. http://www.hse.gov.uk/leadership/casestudies-success.htm

41. Safety and Health….the terms • Safety means preventing accidents or hazards from occuring i.e Safety ÅÆ Accident • Health means a state of complete psychic, mental and social well being not merely consist of an absence of disease i.e Health ÅÆ Illness • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

42. TECHNICALLY , THE GOAL OF SAFETY AND HEALTH PROGRAM IN WORK PLACE IS TO ESTABLISH SAFE WORK ENVIRONMENT -AN ENVIRONMENT FREE FROM HAZARD TO WORKER HEALTH AND SAFETY • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

43. Safety and Health – how itevolved

44. Safety and Health – how it evolved • SAFETY PROGRAM MAKING SURE EMPLOYEE FOLLOW SAFETY POLICIES, RULES, REGULATIONS, PRACTICES & PROCEDURES ENFORCEMENT ASPECTS

45. ACCIDENT PREVENTION PROGRAMS Safety and Health – how itevolved

46. Hazard • HAZARD –condition with the potential of causing: • Injury • Diseases • Damage to equipment or structures • Loss of material or lessening of the ability to perform a prescribed function • Damage to the environment • Or a combination of the above • It is something that can cause harm if not controlled • the outcome is the harm that results from an uncontrolled hazard

47. Workers don’t create hazards. Hazards are often built into workplace. Work processes can be designed to prevent accidents and illnesses. Existing hazards should be removed from the  workplace.

48. When hazard is present, the possibility of these adverse effect (such as injury, diseases, damage to equipment etc) occuring exists…. RISK • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

49. so….. Safety • Frequently defined as “freedom from hazard” • NOTE: It is practically impossible to eliminate all hazards. • Safety is therefore a matter of relative protection from exposure to hazards (the antonym to danger) • Knowledge Sincerity Excellence

50. What is Accident? • Unwanted and undesirable • Unexpected • Involves a deviation from what was intended, i.e. a planned safe operation • Involves injury to people and/or damage to plant and equipment or materials, including the finished product - or at least the potential for injury/damage (an event labeled a ‘near miss accident’) • Involves a chain of events, rather than one isolated event