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Civil Rights Movement II, 1960-5

Civil Rights Movement II, 1960-5. KEY THEMES & ISSUES 1. Organizations of Mass Struggle SNCC, CORE & SCLC 2. Methods of Mass Struggle nonviolent direct action voter registration drives 3. Federal responses Eisenhower; Kennedy; Johnson. Greensboro, NC, Feb, 1 1960 G’boro A&T students

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Civil Rights Movement II, 1960-5

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  1. Civil Rights Movement II, 1960-5 KEY THEMES & ISSUES 1. Organizations of Mass Struggle SNCC, CORE & SCLC 2. Methods of Mass Struggle nonviolent direct action voter registration drives 3. Federal responses Eisenhower; Kennedy; Johnson

  2. Greensboro, NC, Feb, 1 1960 G’boro A&T students White violence vs students; public sympathy Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee seminary roots John Lewis gradually became more secular grass roots community organizing/empowerment Voter registration Sit-ins & Birth of SNCC

  3. Congress of Racial Equalitystart in DC, May 4 1961 Boynton decision, 1960 White Violence: Rock Hill, SC Anniston & Birmingham, Ala “Bull” Connor SNCC resume rides Montgomery – more violence Mass arrests in Jackson, Miss JFK/RFK’s role Freedom Rides, 1961 John Lewis & Jim Zwerg

  4. Limits of Nonviolence, Albany, ‘61-2 SNCC project, 1961 Albany Movement William Anderson SCLC/MLK ‘accidentally’ join shrewd opposition Laurie Pritchett meets nonviolence protest with nonviolent policing jails not overcrowded refuses to leave MLK in jail no crisis, little publicity, no federal intervention

  5. Birmingham, 1963 Strong local activist tradition Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth SCLC action well-planned & timed Easter = economic leverage Birmingham white community disunited Businessmen “want” change 2 rival administrations Connor vs Boutwell Movement gets dramatic media images mass arrests & white brutality Violence compels federal Intervention RFK; Burke Marshall

  6. Voter Education Project, 1961- Mississippi Freedom Summer, 1964 Bob Moses, NV & interracialism SNCC (& CORE) FBI vs KKK Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party Atlantic City Democratic Convention Fannie Lou Hamer Liberal/LBJ “betrayal” Waveland Retreat Bob Moses rejects interracialism Voting Rights, 1

  7. SNCC v SCLC Tensions White Selma disunited Joseph Smitherman Jim Clark vs Wilson Baker “Bloody Sunday”, March 7 1965 MLK “March” March 9, 1965 Selma to Montgomery March, March 21 1965 LBJ & Voting Rights Act of 1965 Voting Rights, 2: Selma, 1965

  8. 1. In the early 1960s, nonviolent direct action was the most effective means to dramatize civil rights abuses, win popular support &, ultimately, federal action. 2. Federal govt. initially responded to the civil disorder which accompanied black protest, but only belatedly addressed the deeper causes of that protest. 3. The Atlantic City/MFDP affair suggested limits to white liberal supports for black aspirations. 4. SNCC, CORE and the SCLC each had different approaches to the freedom struggle. This caused friction, but until 1965 those tensions were muted. 5. By 1965, the movement had destroyed statutory segregation and disenfranchisement in the South. Conclusions

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