Ageing Paradigms (Attias-Donfut & Arber, 2000)

2. Ageing Paradigms (Attias-Donfut & Arber, 2000) • ‘Welfare generations’ paradigm Active or productive versus not-productive life phases: definition of productivity  all activities that add to the stock and flow of valued goods and services Older people as a burden to society Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

3. ‘Family generations’ paradigm • Connections and transfers between younger and older individuals • Aging well / Active ageing / ‘Productive’ ageing: productivity  adds to the stock and flow of valued goods and services, even if the product is not actually paid for Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

4. Different types of transfers: • Financial; socio-economic • Social integration & familial embedment as related to the special function of the family-at-large  Frequency and quality of contacts in good and bad times Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

5. Expectations about familial intergenerational transfers: • Older not (no longer) employed people have more time to allocate to social interactions with the younger generations (social, instrumental and emotional support giving) & • Younger generation has less time, but will provide older parents with financial support if needed Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

6. Research outcomes in Germany:(Kohli, Künemund, Motel & Szydlik, 2000) • Older parents support their children financially & • Children support their parents instrumentally Financial and not financial support ‘flow’ in opposite directions Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

7. Research Question: • How much time do mid-life and older adults allocate to creating social integration or socio-emotional embedment in the network of kin & non-kin, and within the broader social community  via social interactions and volunteer work,  in relation to being employed or not (no longer) employed? Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

8. Social integrating or mediating structures: • paid work • partnership & family • the network of intimate relationships • the community • Church • Membership of voluntary organisations • Allocating time to paid work, to volunteer work etc etc is the outcome of a rational decision making process  life strategy Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

9. This life strategy encompasses: • Decision making • about work or early retirement • about the time allocation after (early) retirement •  time for hedonistic life aspects: travellling, hobbies, passive leisure (Timmer, 2000) •  time for family and friends (Ginn, 2003) • Decision making as a household decision: • Social pressure by partner to protect health • Social pressure by partner to guarantee more time for leisure together (Henkens, 1999) • Partner status and couple charactistics as important determinants of time allocation (living arrangements typology) Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

10. One’s life strategy is affected by societal opportunities and restrictions •  possibilities for early retirement •  subsequent financial arrangements (Esping-Andersen, 1999) Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

11. Canada: liberal country -- high levels of employment -- absence of exit pathways for early retirement • The Netherlands: conservative-corporatist country --high level employment men, lower women -- active creation of exit pathways for early retirement -- state benefits after (early) retirement Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

12. We expect (1): • Differences in welfare regime types will result in more older adult men and women being employed at all ages between 45 and 65 years in Canada, than in the Netherlands Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

13. We expect (2): • Differences in welfare regime types and related social security schemes between Canada and the Netherlands (2)  will result in more adult men and women in Canada being involved in volunteer work and social leisure activities to compensate for shortages in formal care and support for individuals and groups. Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

14. We expect (3): • Individuals not (no longer) employed and • Couples - in which one or both partners are not (no longer) employed - will be more intensely involved in social activities and volunteer work, with women in the role of keeping contacts with kin and non-kin (Josselson, 1996; Kalmijn, 2003). Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

15. We expect (4): • Time allocated to volunteer work will be related to the system of values and norms that guide ideas about time allocation (Knulst and van Eijck, 2003). (4)  Older, (religiously inspired) cohorts of adults will allocate more time to volunteer work than younger cohorts. Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

16. Data • Canada, General Social Survey 1998, Statistics Canada • Single day, 24 hour recall diary • Data collected throughout year • Subsample respondents aged 45+ : 4,877 • The Netherlands, 1995 • Seven days, 24 hour recall diary • Data collected in October • Subsample respondents aged 45+ : 1,024 • Harmonized Multinational Time Use Study Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

17. Measuring instruments: • Time use patterns of productive and socially meaningful activities: • Time spent onpaid work (and associated travel) • Time spent involuntary work: involvement in professional or union org.; political or civic activities; child/family org.; religious org.; fraternal or social org.; or coaching(and associated travel) • Time in social leisure: socializing in person or on the telephone (and associated travel) Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

18. Measuring instruments (2): • A living arrangements typology based on partner and employment status: • Single, employed • With partnerboth employed • With partnerRespondent employed, Partner not employed • With partnerRespondent not employed,Partner employed • With partnerboth not employed • Single, not employed Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

19. Methods: • Cross-tabular analyses: • Examine living arrangement types by gender and 5 year age cohorts • Analyses by gender • Multiple Classification Analyses: • Examine relative importance of living arrangement types and age cohorts on time allocation patterns • controlled for education levels and days of week with Canadian data Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

20. Figure 1. Distribution of living arrangement types by age; Canadian men (n = 1893 Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

21. Figure 2. Distribution of living arrangement types by age; Canadian women (n = 2565) Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

22. Figure 3. Distribution of living arrangement types by age; Netherlands' men (n = 476) Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

23. Figure 4. Distribution of living arrangement types by age; Netherlands' women (n = 544) Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

24. Figure 5. Hours spent in volunteer work (Results of MCA) Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

25. Figure 6. Hours spent in social activities (Results of MCA) Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

26. Figure 7. Hours spent in paid work, social activities and volunteer work (Results of MCA), Canada 1998 Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

27. Figure 8. Hours spent in paid work, social activities and volunteer work (Results of MCA) Netherlands, 1995 Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

28. Conclusions • Hypothesis 1: Canadians work more in later life Support • Higher proportion of Canadians engaged in the labour force than in the Netherlands with the exception of men aged 45-50. The participation rates fall less quickly with age in Canada. • Partner status/ living arrangement is a significant determinant of employment Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

29. Hypothesis 2: Differences in welfare regime types result in more adult men and women in Canada in volunteer work and social leisure activities to compensate for shortages in formal care and support •  No Support • Netherlands men spent more time in volunteer work, especially the not (no longer) employed • Netherlands women spent more time in social activities, especially the not (no longer) employed • Partner status/ living arrangement is a significant determinant of volunteer work and social leisure Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

30. Hypothesis 3: Retired individuals spend more time at social and volunteer activities  Support in part • Retired (not employed) men and women spent more time at volunteer work than their employed counterparts, especially if their partner is employed • Retired (not employed) men and women spent more time at social activities. Not employed women with a partner employed spent substantially more time in social activities. Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003

31. Hypothesis 4: Older adults spent more time in social and volunteer activities  Support in part • Age is a predictor for social activities and volunteer work of men and women, both in Canada and The Netherlands • Top years between 55 and 64 years of age Canada, • Top years between 45 and 54 years, The Netherlands • Volunteer work and social activities as a means of substituting for time spent in paid work (Chambre, 1984) • Engagement in unpaid productive activity significantly declines for the old. Seniors in Canada & The Netherlands, September 2003