1 / 77

Cells

Cells Alive Overview of Cell Parts. Cells. Chapter 3. Cyt- cell Endo- in Hyper- above Hypo- below Inter- between. Iso- equal Mit- thread Phag- eat Pino- drink -som - body. Prefixes/Suffixes. Now we are ready to review the cell. What is in the cell?.

hazel
Download Presentation

Cells

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Cells Alive Overview of Cell Parts Cells Chapter 3

  2. Cyt- cell Endo- in Hyper- above Hypo- below Inter- between Iso- equal Mit- thread Phag- eat Pino- drink -som - body Prefixes/Suffixes

  3. Now we are ready to review the cell

  4. What is in the cell? • Most of the cell space is Cytoplasm. • Cytosol: Gel like fluid where most of the cells chemical reactions take place. • Organelles: Mini cell organs that carry out specific job functions for the cell.

  5. What is the biggest organelle? • The nucleus • The control center for the cell • Contains DNA • Contains the message that makes proteins • Proteins run the cell. • Contains the organelle= nucleolus • Nucleolus makes RNA that carries out DNA’s instructions.

  6. What surrounds the nucleus? • The Phospholipid membrane • Two membranes. • Keeps DNA in • Only RNA can leave

  7. What are the major organelles? • Ribosomes: rRNA. Where proteins are made. Usually on the rough ER. • Endoplasmic Reticulum: • rough ER close to the nucleus, where proteins are made • Smooth ER makes lipids. No rRNA present. • Golgi Apparatus: Ships proteins and lipids.

  8. More organelles… • Lysosomes: SOS. Contain digestive enzymes. Kill invaders and worn out cell parts. • Mitochondria: Power house of the cell. Makes ATP (Body runs on ATP energy.) • Cytoskeleton: Skeleton of the cell. Shape • Centrioles: Move Chromosomes during cell division. • Microtubules: Basis for cilia and flagella

  9. Mitochondria

  10. Ribosome Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Apparatus

  11. Cytoskeleton

  12. Checkpoint • What is the functional difference between cilia and flagella? • What are the structural and functional differences between smooth and rough ER? • Which organelles contribute to synthesizing protein hormones and packaging them into secretory vesicles?

  13. Interactive Cell Parts

  14. Fluid-Mosaic Model Cell Membrane

  15. What surrounds the cell? • The Plasma Membrane. Made out of Phospholipids. • May have cilia or microvilli around the cell. • Microvilli are in the back of your throat (filter air) and in your intestine (absorb food)

  16. Why is the plasma membrane selectively permeable? • Works as a barrier. Only allows certain things in or out of the cell. • Means of protection. • Cells that can not do this are dead or damaged.

  17. Checkpoint • List the three main parts of the cell and explain their functions. • Why are membranes said to have selective permeability?

  18. Membrane Transport Pg. 47-52

  19. What are the two forms of cell transport? • Active Transport: uses energy (ATP) to move molecules against the concentration gradient or to move large things. • Passive Transport: uses NO energy to move molecules with the concentration gradient.

  20. What types of Passive transport does the body use? • Diffusion: When molecules move from high to low or with the concentration gradient. • Perfume, food coloring, etc. all do this.

  21. Simple Diffusion

  22. Diffusion through a gated membrane channel

  23. What types of Passive transport does the body use? • Facilitated Diffusion: Uses carrier proteins to move substances without energy with the concentration gradient. • Filtration: water and solutes are forced through a plasma membrane. Happens in the Kidneys.

  24. Osmosis • Osmosis: a specialized form of diffusion which moves water from high to low across the plasma membrane.

  25. Types of Solutions: Pg 50 • Isotonic Solution: Same tonicity inside and outside the cell. Cell stays the same size. • Hypertonic Solution: Higher tonicity outside the cell. Cell shrinks. • Hypotonic Solution: Lower tonicity outside the cell. Cell swells and “POPS”

  26. Principles of osmosis applied to red blood cells

  27. What types of Active Transport do you use? • Solute Pumping: Require protein carriers and energy to move sugars, Amino Acids, and ions against the concentration gradient. (Sodium Potassium pump used in Nerve cells)

  28. Sodium-potassium pump

  29. More Active Transport… • Bulk Transport: Substances too big to pass through the plasma membrane. • Exocytosis: Large things exit the cells • Endocytosis: Large things enter the cell • Phagocytosis: Cells that eat- white blood cell • Pinocytosis: Cells drink- intestine and kidneys

  30. Phagocytosis

  31. Checkpoint • How would having a fever affect body processes that involve diffusion? • If 0.9% NaCl is isotonic saline solution for red blood cells, would a 2% solution of NaCl cause the red blood cells to expand or shrink? • What is the key difference between active and passive transport? • In what ways are endocytosis and exocytosis similar and different?

  32. How Proteins are Made Pgs. 58-62 Overview

  33. What are the names of DNA? • Chromatin: Unwound DNA • Chromosomes: Tightly wound DNA

  34. The Basic Process of Making Protein • DNA (In the Nucleus) is Transcribed into mRNA. (Transcription) • RNA brings the message to the Rough ER where its Translated into a protein. (Translation)

  35. Overview of transcription and translation

  36. The Details: RNA(Ribonucleic Acid) • There are three types of RNA • mRNA (messenger RNA) • rRNA (Ribosomal RNA) • tRNA (Transfer RNA) • RNA is Single Stranded, sugar is RIBOSE • The Nitrogen bases for RNA are… • Adenine bonds to Uracil • Cytosine bonds to Guanine

  37. The Story • DNA is stuck in the nucleus. • RNA is made in the nucleolus. • mRNA transcribes or re-writes DNA’s code in RNA and leaves the nucleus through nuclear pores. • mRNA brings the message to the ribosome also known as rRNA.

  38. The fairy tale continues • Once mRNA is hooked onto the rRNA it needs the right amino acids to make a protein. • Remember 50 or more A.Acids make a Protein! • tRNA carries amino acids to the rRNA and hooks them onto the correct mRNA codon. • A codon is a three nucleotide sequence (AUG)

  39. How does the story end? • When the stop codon is reached the Amino Acid chain falls off and rolls into a ball and becomes a protein. • mRNA goes back to the nucleus to be reused. • rRNA stays on the Endoplasmic Reticulum waiting for the next job. • tRNA picks up new Amino Acids for the next job.

  40. Transcription

  41. Protein elongation and termination of protein synthesis during translation

  42. Checkpoint • If the DNA template had the base sequence AGCT, what be the mRNA base sequence? • What is the difference between transcription and translation?

  43. Chromosomes and Mitosis Pg. 62-65

  44. Two different Cell Divisions • Meiosis- produces gametes or sex cells. New cells are different from the original cell. • Mitosis- produces new body cells-like your toes. New cells are identical to original cell.

  45. Chromosomes: Tightly wound DNA. Resemble an X because two chromatids are held together.- Supercoiled. Centromere holds the chromosomes (Two sister Chromatids) together. Chromatid: A single tightly wound strand of DNA. DNA in all of its fine forms:

  46. And last but not least… • DNA is your genetic information. In the shape of a double helix. The nucleotide pairs are: (Hydrogen bonds) • Adenine: Thymine • Cytosine: Guanine • DNA is broken into segments called genes which code for proteins. • Genes give you your physical characteristics.

  47. Before Eukaryotic Cells Divide… • Its chromosomes are replicated. • Happens through the process of DNA Replication. DNA Replication: • DNA needs enzymes (protein) to copy or replicate itself. • Double helix unwinds using DNA Helicase. • DNA Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds. • Where the DNA breaks apart is called the replication fork. DNA polymerase (another enzyme) adds nucleotides at this point.

  48. How many Chromosomes do humans have? • Each somatic cell or body cell has two copies of 23 chromosomes. • One copy of the chromosomes (sex cells or gametes) have 23 chromosomes and are called haploid or n = 23. • Two copies of the chromosomes (somatic cells) have 2n = 46.

More Related