Salmonella

1. Salmonella Kimberly Caron RN, MSN PhD Student of Public Health Instructor Dr. Robert Marino Walden University April 2011

2. Learning Outcomes • You will have a basic understanding of what salmonella is, how it presents, how it is transmissed, when during the year cases are most likely to occur, and what the basic treatments for it are. • You will be able to define the populations most affected by Salmonellosis and where cases are most commonly located. • You will be able to identify preventative actions you can take in your own home and what can be done in the community to prevent salmonellosis outbreaks • You will have a general understanding of some current local, state, federal, and global actions being taken to protect the public from salmonellosis.

3. Salmonellosis What is it? • Group of bacteria. • Discovered by a Scientist and veterinarian by the name of Daniel Salmon in 1885(CDC, 2011). • Currently over 2500 known types(WHO,2011). Pictures: Gyalogbodza. (2010). Retrieved April 2011, from Salmonella: http://gyalogbodza.hu/files/images/salmonella.jpg Salmonella.jpg. (2011). Retrieved April 2011, from AvionBiotech.com: http://www.avianbiotech.com/Diseases/Images/salmonella.jpg WebMD. (2010). Retrieved April 2011, from Salmonella slideshow: http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/slideshow-salmonella Wikipedia. (2011, March 24). Daniel Elmer Salmon. Retrieved April 2011, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Elmer_Salmon#Career

4. Epidemiology Salmonella: • Is one of the most widespread forms of foodborne disease in the world. • Is the cause of at least 1.4 million cases of infectious diarrhea world-wide on an annual basis(CDC,2011). It is estimated to actually be 40 times this amount (CDC,2011). • Causes 40,000 cases of infectious diarrhea in the U.S. And is related to approximately 600 deaths per year in the U.S (CDC, 2011).

5. Age Groups Affected Elderly Adults Children under age 5 Pictures sdn Children's services inc. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sdn.org.au/ (n.d.). Retrieved from Harry Cutting.com: http://www.harrycutting.com/photos_people/elderly-pictures-149-KC5046.htm

6. Transmission Pictures: Visual Photos.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.google.com/search?q=raw+meat+pics&hl=en&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox&rlz=1I7TSNF_en&prmd=ivns&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=gcK0TaaTL4OctweYtoDqDg&ved=0CBkQsAQ&biw=681&bih=558 WebMD. (2010). Retrieved April 2011, from Salmonella slideshow: http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/slideshow-salmonella

7. Burden on Society Estimated 30% of the population in industrialized nations suffer from foodborne illnesses such as salmonella (WHO, 2007). • Results: • 325,000 hospitalization annually • 5000 related deaths annually (USDA, 2010) • Cost to the United States • In 2010 there were 1,397,187 reported cases • Total cost of treatment $2,649,413,301 (USDA, 2010)

8. Symptoms • Develop within 72hours after exposure • Include fever, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping • May last up to 7 days • Many times are mistaken for minor viral stomach illnesses (CDC, 2011) Picture: WebMD. (2010). Retrieved April 2011, from Salmonella slideshow: http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/slideshow-salmonella

9. Treatment Antibiotics are sometimes necessary to treat more serious cases of Salmonellosis Less severe cases may be self limiting and not require medical treatment. Pictures Business Week. (n.d.). The greatest innovations of all time: Vaccines and antibiotics. Retrieved from http://images.businessweek.com/ss/07/02/0216_innovations/source/12.ht Wakefield Cosmetic and Family Dentistry. (n.d.). Antibiotic Therapy. Retrieved from http://www.bettersexhealth.com/AntibioticTherapy.html

10. Treatment For Mild Cases • Salmonella infections occur more in the summer than in the winter (CDC, 2011). It is very important to: • Drink lots of water to prevent dehydration • Get lots of rest • Seek medical advice and treatment for worsening or severe symptoms (US Dept of Health and Human Services, 2011)

11. Prevention In Your Home 1. Wash your hands 2. Avoid eating raw or undercooked eggs or meat 3. Wrap fresh meat in plastic bags to keep them from dripping on other foods 4. Refrigerate left-over food promptly 5. Disinfect cutting boards, counters, and utensils after use on raw meat 6. Ensure proper internal temperatures are reached when cooking meat 7. Wash raw fruits and vegetables prior to eating 8. Avoid chicks, ducks, turtles, and reptiles as pets for small children. (VDH, 2008) Picture: Alcoa Construction. (n.d.). Retrieved from Kitchen remodeling: http://www.alcoaconstruction.com/renovations/kitchen-remodeling/

12. Prevention in the Community • Wash Your Hands. • Children who have diarrhea should not go to daycare because of the risk they pose to others. • People carrying salmonella should avoid high-risk environments such as long-term care facilities, daycare centers, school environments, and hospitals until they are sure they are free of salmonella. • (VDH, 2008) Picture: Carver County, Minnesota. (n.d.). Keeping our water clean. How you can help! Retrieved from Carver County: http://www.co.carver.mn.us/departments/LWS/how_you_can_help!!.asp

13. Current Public Health Initiatives • Biotechnology • Includes low level antibiotics to livestock and biogenetically enhanced plants • Educational efforts on hygiene • Resources are being made available for laboratory equipment to facilitate better surveillance and treatment • More monitoring of food sources • Resources for pasteurization, food irradiation, and fermentation • The WHO is being more proactive in policy initiatives around the world including biotechnology (WHO,2007)

14. Complete Reference List • (n.d.). Retrieved from Harry Cutting.com: http://www.harrycutting.com/photos_people/elderly-pictures-149-KC5046.htm • Alcoa Construction. (n.d.). Retrieved from Kitchen remodeling: http://www.alcoaconstruction.com/renovations/kitchen-remodeling/ • Business Week. (n.d.). The greatest innovations of all time: Vaccines and antibiotics. Retrieved from http://images.businessweek.com/ss/07/02/0216_innovations/source/12.htm • Carver County, Minnesota. (n.d.). Keeping our water clean. How you can help! Retrieved from Carver County: http://www.co.carver.mn.us/departments/LWS/how_you_can_help!!.asp • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011, April 7). Salmonella. Retrieved April 2011, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/ • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011, April 7). Salmonella. Retrieved April 2011, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/ • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010, November). Salmonella serotype Enteritidis. Retrieved April 2011, from National Center for Zoonotic, Vector-Borne, and Enteric Disease: http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonella_enteritidis/#top • Gyalogbodza. (2010). Retrieved April 2011, from Salmonella: http://gyalogbodza.hu/files/images/salmonella.jpg • Hohmann, E. (2001). Nontyphoidal salmonellosis. Food Safety, 32 (15), 263-269. • Salmonella.jpg. (2011). Retrieved April 2011, from AvionBiotech.com: http://www.avianbiotech.com/Diseases/Images/salmonella.jpg

15. Complete Reference List (cont) • sdn Children's services inc. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sdn.org.au/ • United Stated Department of Health and Human Services. (2011). Salmonella. Retrieved April 2011, from Foodsafety.gov: http://www.foodsafety.gov/poisoning/causes/bacteriaviruses/salmonella.html • United States Department of Agriculture. (2010, December 28). Data Sets. Retrieved April 2011, from Foodborne illness cost calculator: http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/FoodborneIllness/ • Virginia Department of Health. (2008). Salmonellosis. http://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/factsheets/pdf/Salmonellosis.pdf. • Visual Photos.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.google.com/search?q=raw+meat+pics&hl=en&rls=com.microsoft:en-us:IE-SearchBox&rlz=1I7TSNF_en&prmd=ivns&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=gcK0TaaTL4OctweYtoDqDg&ved=0CBkQsAQ&biw=681&bih=558 • Wakefield Cosmetic and Family Dentistry. (n.d.). Antibiotic Therapy. Retrieved from http://www.bettersexhealth.com/AntibioticTherapy.html • WebMD. (2010). Retrieved April 2011, from Salmonella slideshow: http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/food-poisoning/slideshow-salmonella • Wikipedia. (2011, March 24). Daniel Elmer Salmon. Retrieved April 2011, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Elmer_Salmon#Career • World Health Organization. (2010). An integrated approach to food safety and zoonoses. http://www.who.int/gfn/supported/Flyer_GFN.pdf.

16. Complete Reference List (cont) • World Health Organization. (2007, March). Food safety and foodborne illness. Retrieved April 2011, from Media Center: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs237/en/ • World Health Organization. (2006). Preventing Disease Through Healthy Environments. http://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease.pdf. • World Health Organization. (2011). Salmonella. Retrieved April 2011, from Health Topics: http://www.who.int/topics/salmonella/en/

17. For Further Reading Please Visit the Following Web Sites: Preventing Disease through Healthy Environments http://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease/en/ This publication put out by the World Health Organization explores the role of the environmental risk factors on health disparities effecting the world’s populations. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.vdh.virginia.gov/epidemiology/factsheets/pdf/Salmonellosis.pdf. This web site produced by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention gives a comprehensive description of Salmonella . United States Department of Agriculture http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usda/usdahome?navid=FOOD_SAFETY&navtype=RT&parentnav=FOOD_NUTRITION This web site produced by the United States Department of Agriculture provides information of safe food handling . It also includes recent food recalls and information on current measures in place protecting the United States food supply.