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The Cold War in the Middle East, 1948 -1973

Young & Kent: International Relations since 1945. The Cold War in the Middle East, 1948 -1973. The Palestine Mandate and the Creation of Israel 1948 - 53. Palestine and the British evacuation 1948 - failures of past British policy - roles of the US and the UN The civil war 1948

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The Cold War in the Middle East, 1948 -1973

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  1. Young & Kent: International Relations since 1945 The Cold War in the Middle East, 1948 -1973

  2. The Palestine Mandate and the Creation of Israel 1948 - 53 • Palestine and the British evacuation 1948 - failures of past British policy - roles of the US and the UN • The civil war 1948 - the key issues of land and immigration • The Arab states invasion May 1948 and the first Arab-Israeli War

  3. The Cold War role of the West and Hot War Preparations 1948 - 1953 • The British Suez base - Britain and operational and strategic planning for the defence of the Middle East • The Iranian Crisis 1951-53 - oil and Mussadiq • The British and American responses to Arab and Iranian nationalism

  4. France and the North Africa Protecorates 1948 - 1956 • The weakening of French rule in the 1940s • The development of the nationalist struggle in Morocco 1951- 55 -the French exile of Mohammed V 1953 • The role of moderate nationalism in Tunisia 1951-55 - Bourguiba, Mendes-France and the Carthage Declaration 1954 • International pressures, self-government and independence 1953-56

  5. France and Algeria 1945-1962 • The place of Algeria in the French Union and the role of the colons - the failure of reform a) Messali Hadj b) Ferhat Abbas • The 1954 armed uprising and the FLN • The international dimensions of the growing crisis - the role of Egypt and the Arab League - Sakiet and Tunisia • The weakness of the French republic and the return of De Gaulle 1958 - the Committee of Public Safety and the role of the military - De Gaulle and the colons • The road to the Evian agreement - bloody nature of the fighting - the 1961 coup and the Organisation de l’Armee Secrete

  6. Suez and the US replacement of British power, 1954 - 1958 • The emergence of Nasser, plan Alpha and the attempt to settle the Arab–Israeli conflict 1954 - 56 - Egyptian nationalism and the British military role • Cold War and the crises produced by the Baghdad Pact 1955-56 - the American role - the contradictions of the Baghdad Pact and its opponents • The Suez Crisis - Plan Omega and the causes of the nationalization of the Canal Company - Eden, and the conflict with Eisenhower • The Suez Operation • The Eisenhower Doctrine - the Iraq coup - the reactions in Jordan and Lebanon

  7. The Middle East in the 1960s • The establishment of the United Arab Republic 1961-63 • President Kennedy and Nasser - US economic aid to Egypt and the Palestinian problem - Saudi Arabia and the war in the Yemen • The British decision to leave Aden • The rise of Syrian radicalism 1963-66 - the nature of the Ba’ath party • The creation of the Palestinian Liberation Organisation

  8. The medium term causes of the Six Day War, 1967 • Israeli fears and ambitions - the destruction of Palestinian armed resistance - greater military and deterrent capability through acquiring nuclear weapons - the further expansion of Israel to the Jordan River - the Johnson Plan and securing adequate water supplies • Palestinian fears and ambitions -the militarization and cross border raids of radical groups within the PLO a) Habash and the PFLP b) Arafat and the military wing of Al Fatah - the destruction of the Israeli state - the Johnson Plan and the loss of water from the Jordan River • The February 1966 Syrian coup

  9. The short term causes of the Six Day War • Israeli-Syrian armed clashes in the Demilitarized Zone and around the Sea of Galilee • The rhetoric from Jewish and Arab leaders • The shooting down of Syrian military aircraft • Nasser requesting the partial withdrawal of the UN peacekeeping forces in Sinai • The UN insistence on either leaving the entire force or withdrawing it • The Egyptian closure of the Straits of Tiran • The unannounced Israeli air strike to destroy Egyptian planes on the ground

  10. The aftermath of the 1967 war • The Arab Israeli conflict becomes more of a Palestinian-Israeli one - reduced roles of the Arab states - the Arab summit problems - the closure of the Suez Canal • UN Resolution 242 and ‘land for peace’ - the nature of and reasons for: a) the Israeli rejection b) the Arab rejection • The War of Attrition - military raids - the Rogers Plan 1969-1970 - difficulties of the ceasefire negotiations • The Jordan Crisis of 1970 - the growing refugee problem - the PFLP hijacking - impact on Hussein’s regime - Syrian military action - role of the Soviets and the Israelis in the international response

  11. The regional situation 1970 • Anwar Sadat becomes Egyptian president on Nasser’s death - the weakness of Egypt and Arab nationalism - the nature of Arab and Israeli intransigence • Saddam Hussein and the Ba’ath coup 1968 - his road to power • Sadat’s objectives with Syria and Israel

  12. The role of the Soviet Union • Supply of arms to Egypt and Syria • 1971 treaty with Egypt • Soviet aims in the Middle East -tradition of cautious ambition • 1972 expulsion of Soviet advisers from Egypt - failure to support Sadat’s aims - refusal to supply Egypt with advanced weaponry

  13. The 1973 War • Sadat’s war aims - the regaining of Egyptian pride by the purging of the 1967 defeat - the linkages to domestic economic reform and US economic aid • Military outcome - successful Egyptian crossing of the Canal - US aid to Israel and the turning of the tide - surrounding the Egyptian third Army • Key points of Kissinger’s initial diplomacy - keeping the Soviet Union out of the Middle East peace process - ensuring an Israeli recovery but preventing an Egyptian humiliation - the high level nuclear alert issue and Soviet caution • Confirmation of the ceasefire and Kissinger’s shuttle diplomacy - Key issues under Nixon and Ford: a) terms for prisoners and disengagement b) recognition of Israel by Egypt and Syria and the PLO by Israel c) re-opening of the Canal d) arrangements for a comprehensive peace conference

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