Digestion and absorption of dietary carbohydrates Pathways of glucose metabolism: glycolysis

1. Digestion and absorption of dietary carbohydrates Pathways of glucose metabolism: glycolysis Pentose phosphate shunt Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis, glycogenesis Galactose and fructose metabolism Glycogen storage disease Inborn errors of glucose metabolism Regulation of glucose metabolism. general concepts and characteristics of metabolic pathways. III-I Metabolism III-II Carbohydrate metabolism III-III Lipid metabolism III-IV TCA cycle and biological oxidation III-V Protein turnover and amino acid metabolism III-VI Regulation of the metabolic pathways Digestion and absorption of dietary fats. Biosynthesis and degradation of fatty acids, phospolipids and triacylglycerols Biosynthesis of cholesterol, chemistry and metabolism of lipoproteins. Hyperlipoproteinemias Lipid storage disease. Ketone bodies: their synthesis, utilization and conditions leading to ketoacidosis, (a) Interlinks between carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolic pathways. (b )Cellular compartment and cooperation (c) Organ interrelationships in metabolism, (d) Metabolic adaptation in the fed state, fasting and prolonged starvation. (e) Blood glucose regulation, and its impairment in diabetes mellitus. (f) Metabolic derangements and adaptations in diabetes mellitus. (a) Digestion and absorption of dietary protein (b) General reactions, transamination, its metabolic and diagnostic significance (c) Disposal of amino acid nitrogen and detoxication of urea (d) Metabolic fate of amino acid carbon skeleton (e) Sulphur containing amino acids (f) In born errors of branched chain and aromatic amino acids (g) Important amino acid derivatives.

2. III-I Metabolism III-II Carbohydrate metabolism III-III Lipid metabolism Review and Summarize III-IV TCA cycle and biological oxidation III-V Protein turnover and amino acid metabolism III-VIRegulation of the metabolic pathways

3. III-VI Regulation of the metabolic pathways • Interlinks between carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolic pathways. • Cellular compartment and cooperation • Organ interrelationships in metabolism, • Hormonal control of fuel metabolism • Metabolic adaptation in the fed state, fasting and prolonged starvation. • Blood glucose regulation, and its impairment in diabetes mellitus. • Metabolic derangements and adaptations in diabetes mellitus.

5. Key intermediates connect pathways. • Energy-rich compounds are converted mutually to a great extent. • Carbohydrate/fat are priority-ranked in mobilizing. • Key enzymes in pathways are regulated in similar way. • Energy charge regulates whole status of metabolism.

7. The major pathways of fuel metabolism in mammals Only a few tissues, such as liver, can carry out all the reactions illustrated above.

9. metabolic pathways for glucose-6-phosphate in the liver

10. amino acids amino acids Summary of metabolic fates of pyruvate

12. Overview of metabolism

13. Important reactions of intermediary metabolism regulated by phosphorylation of enzyme

14. Many reactions in metabolism are controlled by the energy status of the cell. High concentrations of ATP inhibit the relative rates of a typical ATP-generating (catabolic) pathway and simulate the typical ATP-utilizing (anabolic) pathways

15. III-VI Regulation of the metabolic pathways • Interlinks between carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolic pathways. • Cellular compartment and cooperation • Organ interrelationships in metabolism, • Hormonal control of fuel metabolism • Metabolic adaptation in the fed state, fasting and prolonged starvation. • Blood glucose regulation, and its impairment in diabetes mellitus. • Metabolic derangements and adaptations in diabetes mellitus.

16. Pathways are located in different places in the cell. • Molecules are transported between subcellular parts according to the demand

18. protein degradation cytosol glycolysis glycogen synthesis endoplasmic reticulum gluconeogenesis TCA β-oxidation urea cycle mitochondria ketone bodies amino acids catabolism aerobic oxidation of carbohydrate fatty acid synthesis lysosome pentose phosphate pathway protein degradation

21. Transfer of the starting materials of lipid anabolism from the mitochondrion to the cytosol.

22. 1.PEP carboxykinase in mitochondrion 2.PEP carboxykinase in cytosol Transfer of the starting materials of gluconeogenesis from the mitochondrion to the cytosol.

23. III-VI Regulation of the metabolic pathways • Interlinks between carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolic pathways. • Cellular compartment and cooperation • Organ interrelationships in metabolism, • Hormonal control of fuel metabolism • Metabolic adaptation in the fed state, fasting and prolonged starvation. • Blood glucose regulation, and its impairment in diabetes mellitus. • Metabolic derangements and adaptations in diabetes mellitus.

24. Tissues –specific metabolism • Metabolism is cooperated between tissues. Only a few tissues, such as liver, can carry out all the reactions illustrated in slide 7.

25. Specialized metabolic functions of mammalian tissues Low blood glucose will result in brain dysfunction. Body’s central metabolic clearinghouse Mitochondria occupy up to 40% of cytoplasmic space. atherosclerosis , insufficient O2 supply.

28. the major fuel-metabolizing organs

29. Artery & Vein

30. Body’s central metabolic clearinghouse The portal circulation The portal vein drains almost all of the blood from the digestive tract and empties directly into the liver. This circulation of nutrient-rich blood between the gut and liver is called the portal circulation. It enables the liver to remove any harmful substances that may have been digested before the blood enters the main blood circulation around the body—the systemic circulation.

31. There are two cycles between muscle and liver.

32. The Cori Cycle

33. The Glucose-Ala Cycle

34. Mechanisms of communication between four major tissues

35. III-VI Regulation of the metabolic pathways • Interlinks between carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolic pathways. • Cellular compartment and cooperation • Organ interrelationships in metabolism, • Hormonal control of fuel metabolism • Metabolic adaptation in the fed state, fasting and prolonged starvation. • Blood glucose regulation, and its impairment in diabetes mellitus. • Metabolic derangements and adaptations in diabetes mellitus.

36. Living things coordinate their activities at every level of their organization through complex signaling systems involving chemical messengers known as hormones. In higher animals, endocrine glands synthesize and release hormones, which are carried by the bloodstream to their target cells. The human endocrine systems secretes a wide variety of hormones that enable the body to maintain homeostasis, respond to wide variety of external stimuli, follow various cyclic and developmental programs

37. Endocrine signaling

39. Opposing actions of insulin and glucogon plus epinephrine

40. Insulin causes an increase in glucose uptake, mainly in muscle cells and adipocytes, stimulates storage of glucose as glycogen, mainly in liver cells.

41. Glucagon acts mainly on liver cells to stimulate glycogen degradation.

43. III-VI Regulation of the metabolic pathways • Interlinks between carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolic pathways. • Cellular compartment and cooperation • Organ interrelationships in metabolism, • Hormonal control of fuel metabolism • Metabolic adaptation in the fed state, fasting and prolonged starvation. • Blood glucose regulation, and its impairment in diabetes mellitus. • Metabolic derangements and adaptations in diabetes mellitus.

44. Feed/Fast largely effect the energy metabolism in different organs. The hormones will respond to the blood glucose and then regulate by their own ways.

45. Intertissues relationships in the absorptive state Insulin-dependent transport system

46. Intertissue relationship during starvation

49. absorbtive starvation

50. starvation absorbtive