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Chapter 34

Chapter 34. Nutrition. Physiology of Nutrition. Digestion Conversion of nutrients into physically absorbed state Absorption Passage of end products of digestion through epithelial membranes in intestines to blood or lymph systems. (continued). Physiology of Nutrition. Metabolism

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Chapter 34

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  1. Chapter 34 Nutrition

  2. Physiology of Nutrition • Digestion • Conversion of nutrients into physically absorbed state • Absorption • Passage of end products of digestion through epithelial membranes in intestines to blood or lymph systems (continued)

  3. Physiology of Nutrition • Metabolism • All chemical reactions and processes in every body cell as they relate to nutrient distribution • Energy • Basal metabolic rate (BMR) • Energy needed to maintain essential physiological functions (continued)

  4. Physiology of Nutrition • Excretion • Digestive and metabolic waste products excreted through intestines and rectum • Other excretory organs: • Kidneys • Sweat glands • Skin • Lungs

  5. Nutrients • Water • 60 to 70 percent of adult body weight • Acquired from diet • Body maintains balance • Intake • Output (continued)

  6. Nutrients • Vitamins • Organic compounds • Small quantities • Assist in normal metabolism • Cannot be manufactured in body • Fat-soluble • Water-soluble (continued)

  7. Nutrients • Minerals • Catalysts in biochemical reactions • Macrominerals • Daily requirement: • 100 milligram (mg) or greater (continued)

  8. Nutrients • Minerals • Microminerals • Trace elements • Daily requirement: • Less than 100 mg (continued)

  9. Nutrients • Carbohydrates • Organic compounds • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (continued)

  10. Nutrients • Carbohydrates • Classified according to number of saccharides (sugar units) • Monosaccharides • Simple sugars • Disaccharides • Double sugars (continued)

  11. Nutrients • Carbohydrates • Classified according to number of saccharides (sugar units) • Polysaccharides • Complex sugars (continued)

  12. Nutrients • Proteins • Organic compounds • Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms • Amino acids • End product of digestion • Nonessential • Essential (continued)

  13. Nutrients • Proteins • Positive nitrogen balance • Nitrogen intake exceeds output • Negative nitrogen balance • Nitrogen output exceeds intake (continued)

  14. Nutrients • Lipids • Fats • Insoluble in water (continued)

  15. Nutrients • Lipids • Fatty acids • Basic structural unit • Saturated • Unsaturated • Monounsaturated • Polyunsaturated (continued)

  16. Nutrients • Lipids • Popular lipids: • Triglycerides • Phospholipids • Cholesterol

  17. Promoting Proper Nutrition • Dietary reference intakes and recommended daily allowances • Food guide pyramid • Societal concerns • Weight management • Overweight • Underweight

  18. Factors Affecting Nutrition • Age • Lifestyle • Ethnicity, culture, and religious practices (continued)

  19. Factors Affecting Nutrition • Other factors: • Economics • Preferences • Gender

  20. Nutrition and the Nursing Process • Assessment • Nutritional history • 24-hour recall • Food-frequency questionnaire • Food record • Diet history (continued)

  21. Nutrition and the Nursing Process • Assessment • Physical examination • Intake and output • Anthropometric measurements • Skinfold measurement • Mid-upper-arm circumference • Abdominal girth measurement (continued)

  22. Nutrition and the Nursing Process • Assessment • Diagnostic and laboratory data • Protein indices • Serum albumin • Prealbumin • Serum transferrin (continued)

  23. Nutrition and the Nursing Process • Assessment • Diagnostic and laboratory data • Hemoglobin level • Total lymphocyte count • Nitrogen balance • Urine creatinine excretion (continued)

  24. Nutrition and the Nursing Process • Diagnosis • Imbalanced nutrition: Less than body requirements • Imbalanced nutrition: More than body requirements • Risk for imbalanced nutrition: More than body requirements • Other nursing diagnoses (continued)

  25. Nutrition and the Nursing Process • Planning and outcome identification • NOC for nutrition: • Nutritional status • Biochemical measures • Energy • Food and fluid intake • Nutritional intake • Collaboration (continued)

  26. Nutrition and the Nursing Process • Implementation • Monitoring weight and intake • Initiating diet therapy • Assisting with feeding • Providing nutrition support (continued)

  27. Nutrition and the Nursing Process • Implementation • Enteral tube feeding • Feeding tubes • Insertion of enteral feeding tubes • Enteral formulas • Administration of enteral feedings (continued)

  28. Nutrition and the Nursing Process • Implementation • Enteral tube feeding • Safety considerations • Potential complications • Removal of nasogastric tube (continued)

  29. Nutrition and the Nursing Process • Implementation • Providing parenteral nutrition • Components: • Carbohydrates • Amino acids • Lipids • Admixtures • Medications (continued)

  30. Nutrition and the Nursing Process • Implementation • Providing parenteral nutrition • Refeeding syndrome (continued)

  31. Nutrition and the Nursing Process • Implementation • Administering medication through feeding tube • Employing complementary therapy (continued)

  32. Nutrition and the Nursing Process • Evaluation • Ongoing • Assess achievement of goal and outcomes • Revise accordingly

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