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First-Wave Feminism

First-Wave Feminism. Has its foundation in the Enlightenment doctrine of human rights, esp. as expressed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)

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First-Wave Feminism

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  1. First-Wave Feminism • Has its foundation in the Enlightenment doctrine of human rights, esp. as expressed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) • Political in focus: works for political equality in areas such as voting, ownership of property, inheritance, education and ability to run for public office

  2. Followed up her earlier book, A Vindication of the Rights of Man Focused on the moral demand of equality, especially in education First attribution of gender differences to socialization Mary Wollstonecraft (1759-1797)A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)

  3. Focused on establishing a right to vote and to hold political office Much of the book was dedicated to undermining popular stereotypes of women that were used to justify political exclusion John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)The Subjection of Women (1869)

  4. Originally written by Taylor, later republished with essays written by her and Mill Also focused on arguing for political enfranchisement for women Added essays in later additions argued for women’s right to sue for divorce John Stuart Mill and Harriet Taylor (1807-1858)The Enfranchisement of Women (1851)

  5. Second-Wave Feminism • Had its foundation in psychoanalysis and phenomenology • Picks up from First-Wave Feminism’s critique of gender differences • Primarily theoretically focused • Aims at identifying and eliminating sources of sexism and gender oppression

  6. Denied that gender differences are based in biology, insisting that “One is not born, but becomes a woman.” Focus on historical and contemporary images of womanhood Simone de Beauvoir (1908-1986)The Second Sex (1949)

  7. Identified ways in which traditional feminine gender roles stifle women’s development Emphasized sexism as inherently dehumanizing Betty Friedan (1921-2006)The Feminine Mystique (1963)

  8. Was a student of developmental psychologist Larry Kohlberg, who found gender differences in approaches to morality Argued that these differences are the result of socialization, not inherent reasoning differences Contended that neither men’s nor women’s approaches to ethics is superior; rather, both are needed for a whole moral person Carol Gilligan (1936-)In a Different Voice (1982)

  9. Examines the ways in which beauty standards are used to both discriminate against and physically harm women Focuses on the way in which beauty standards create double-binds—situations where both meeting and failing to meet the standard become harmful. Naomi Wolf (1962-)The Beauty Myth (1991)

  10. Third-Wave Feminism • Has its origin in postmodernism • Extends Second-Wave Feminism’s critique of gender norms by generally denying dichotomous thinking • Works often seek to destabilize the very notion of gender or sex

  11. Emphasized the ambiguous and variable nature of ‘womanhood’ and ‘femininity’ Claims that to conceive of ‘woman’ or ‘the feminine’ at all is to engage in a masculine (and thus inherently sexist) approach to understanding these things Luce Irigaray (1932-)This Sex Which Is Not One (1977)

  12. Argues that “gender” is a performance, and is thus indefinitely variable Links gender norms to language—language both creates and reinforces gender norms Develops elements of this book further in essays recently collected in Undoing Gender Judith Butler (1956-)Gender Trouble (1989)

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