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WORLD HISTORY AP PRACTICE SESSION. FRIDAY MAY 3 rd. UNIT ONE. Unit 1: PERSIA Notes. Important People/Peoples. Alexander the Great - King of Macedon. He was a pupil of Aristotle. While in Egypt he founded Alexandria his first and best-known city.
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WORLD HISTORY APPRACTICE SESSION FRIDAY MAY 3rd
Important People/Peoples Alexander the Great- King of Macedon. He was a pupil of Aristotle. While in Egypt he founded Alexandria his first and best-known city. Aristotle- Greek philosopher, scientist and pupil of Plato. Lydians- came up with the concept of coined money Phoenicians- established naval city-states all along Mediterranean and developed a simple alphabet that used only 22 letters Hebrews- significant because of their religious beliefs (Judaism) Assyrians- learned to use iron
Important Terms Cultural Diffusion- transmission of ideas and products from one culture to another Cuneiform- system of writing from Mesopotamia Foraging- term for hunting and gathering Hieroglyphics- system of picture writing used in Egypt Hellenistic Age- era in which Greek culture blended with Persian and other Eastern influences spread throughout the former empire of Alexander the Great Matrilineal- social system in which descent and inheritance are traced through their mother PaxRomana-the Roman Peace; the period of prosperity and stability throughout the Roman Empire in the first two centuries C.E. Ziggurat- A multilayered pyramid constructed by Mesopotamians
The Neolithic/ Agricultural Revolution- from 8000 BCE to 3000 BCE; people figured out how to grow their own plants – allowed people to permanently settle down and form larger communities (not full scale civilization yet) - people start to think in terms of owning land; they don’t have to move around anymore so they want private property - food surplus- more food than just enough to feed people - allowed for more specialized jobs; no longer need everyone making food so the other people fill other occupations - agricultural societies become more complex and societies form – early civilizations; farming villages turned into small towns and cities - animals used for labor - technologies invented (sharpened granite for farming tools, pottery to cook in, and MOST IMPORTANTLY- knowledge on how to use metals (later parts of Neolithic revolution called Bronze Age Nomads- Nomads hunted their food, following animals for food and maintained rudimentary shelters Foraging Societies: Hunter gatherers- traveled from point to point as plants and animals dictated; could not build permanent shelters; could not preserve food Pastoral Societies- tamed animals and raised animals to eat instead of hunting/following animals; still could not farm; more and more domesticated animals Early Civilizations/ Neolithic Revolution
How River valley civilizations cameabout • Many civilizations started here for the fertile land, and later produced the own irrigation. • Stable weather conditions
Olmecs 1200BCE – 400BCE • Located in Mexico (near Veracruz) • Grew corn beans and squash primarily • Vast trade networks, encompassing very diverse areas, but small territory relative to land available- no empire/political unification • Each center seems to have fallen due to a violent rebellion (defaced monuments) • Colossal mounds used in religious ceremonies, importance of animal motifs, calendar/writing • Clear social structure, elites controlled labor pool (increased food production), merchants
Chavin 900 – 250 BCE • Very diverse environment (Andes mountains, jungles, coastal plains) • Maize, quinoa, potatoes, LLAMAS • Center of regional trade • System of reciprocal labor obligations (monumental structures and irrigation) • American metallurgy first developed in Andean region • Not conquered or brought down by rebellion • Rulers were buried with lots of gold, etc. • Similar religious beliefs as Olmecs- jaguars, priests/shamans, etc. • LLAMA extremely important for trade, carrying massive quantities around
Toltecs (968-1150) • After collapse of the Mayans • Leader Topiltzin dedicated to Quetzalcoatl (Feathered Serpent) • Strong militaristic ethic & cult of sacrifice • Area • Northern Mexico to areas of Guatemala • Capitol: Tula • Destroyed by nomadic invaders
Rise of the Aztecs • Also known as Mexicas • Formed in 1325 • 10,000 migrated to Lake Texcoco and formed the capitol Tenochtitlan • Intrusive and militant group • Human sacrifice and conquest united with political power of the ruler and the nobility • Area: Tarascan Frontier to Mayan area • Subject people forced to pay tribute, surrender lands, and military service
Aztecs cont. • Women somewhat equal • Ruled 1.5-25 million • Religion • Little distinction between the world of gods and natural world • Festivals, ceremonies, and sacrifices • Sacrifices used to fuel the sun god • Deities ex. gods of rain, fire, water • Male and Female form
Aztec Captiol: Tenochtitlan • Metropolis- central zone of palaces • Adobe brick houses (nobility had larger homes) • Geographically connected to island by four causeway • Capulli ruled neighborhoods • Economy • Chinampas- irrigation system of floating islands that provided agriculture • Trade: market, barter or cacao beans/gold for currency, and long distance trade with Pochteca
Life of the Inca • Twantinsuyu - highly centralized • Various ethnic groups • Unified language • Irrigated agriculture • Combined ways of previous civilizations ex. agriculture, religion, metallurgy • Ruled 9-13 million • Conquest • Economic growth and political pwer
Inca cont. • Political • Ruler considered a god • Power divided into 4 provinces • Nobility ear spools (orejones) • Labor instead of tributes • Religion • Political and social life related to religion • Holy shrine • stones, mountains, tombs, rivers, huacasetc. • Temple of the Sun- center of state religion
Inca Cultural Acheivements • No writing system or wheel • Math- knotted quipo to count • Infrastructure • Tambos- system of roads • Land/water management • Architecture & public buildings • Terrace farming • Art- built on predecessor peoples • Metallurgy and pottery
Similarities • Represented military and imperial organization success • Controlled circulation of goods • Agricultural based with a food surplus • Nobles became more important than local leaders • Allowed for diversity as long as authority • Empires acquired by conquest of sedentary peoples • Belief systems, cosmology similar roots
Qin/Han Dynasty • Qin Dynasty- 221-206 B.C.E • leadership of Ying Zheng (Qin Shi Huang) • Feudalism was abandoned • Legalism- The main idea was to make a system that will make and culture ideal citizens who will subordinate their will to that of the state. • Han Dynasty- 207 B.C.E- 220 A.D • Confucian ideals of government was used • Intellectual, literary, and artistic endeavors revived and flourished • To ensure peace with non-Chinese local powers, the Han court developed a mutually beneficial "tributary system."
Roman Empire • Early Rome was governed by kings, but after only seven of them had ruled, the Romans took power over their own city and ruled themselves. They then instead had a council known as the 'senate' which ruled over them. From this point on one speaks of the 'Roman Republic'. • The Roman Republic was a very successful government. It lasted from 510 BC until 23 BC - almost 500 years. In comparison the United States of America only exist since 1776 - less than 250 years. • The Roman empire in the end was overrun by millions of barbarians from the north and east of Europe. It is believed to have happened two or three times in history that huge migrations took place across Europe, where peoples moved to settle in new territories. The great migration proved too much for the Romans to stem
Byzantine Empire 330 AD- 1453 • 330 AD: Constantine founds the new capital of the Roman Empire on the existing site of the ancient Greek city Byzantium: Byzantium was renamed Constantinople and it would become the capital of the Byzantine Empire. • 395: The Roman Empire divides in half, with the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople and the Western Roman Empire based in Rome/Ravenna. • 476: The Western Empire Falls: The Eastern Empire survives and now is labeled as the Byzantine Empire. • 568:Lombards invade Italy, eventually taking Northern Italy from the Byzantines. • 610: Heraclius becomes emperor. Temporary possession of Mesopotamia. The theme system is installed. The Empire's language changes to Greek. Eventual Lost of Syria, Palestine, and Egypt to Muslims. • 693: Muslims attack Constantinople. • 690: Loss of North Africa to Muslims. • 721: Regains control of Asia Minor from the Muslims 917:Bulgars under Symeon overrun Thrace. • 924:Bulgars unsuccessfully attack Constantinople unsuccessfully. • 941: Prince Igor of Kiev attacks Bithynia and later attacks Constantinople: The Byzantines destroys the Russian fleet. • 976: Basil II becomes Emperor. • 992: Venetians granted extensive trading rights in the Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire 330 AD- 1453 • 1014: Basil II destroys the Bulgar army, earning the epithet Bulgaroktonos ("Bulgar Slayer"). • 1071: Defeat at Manzikert to the Seljuk Turks. Permanent loss of most of Asia Minor. • 1075: Loss of Syria to Muslims. • 1054: The Great Schism: The Latin Roman Church and the Greek Orthodox Church excommunicate each other. • 1087: Byzantines defeated in Thrace. • 1121:Reconquest of southwestern Asia Minor. • 1179: Byzantine Army defeated by the Sultanate of Rum at Myriokephalon. Hopes of regaining Asia Minor are lost. • 1202: Fourth Crusade is assembled at Venice. • 1204: Fourth Crusade captures Constantinople. The Latin Empire of Constantinople is formed as well as many Byzantine successor states. The capture of Constantinople in 1204 was a blow from which the Byzantines never fully recovered. • 1261: The successor state of Nicaea recaptures Constantinople and restores the Byzantine Empire. • 1453: Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans. End of the Byzantine Empire.
Crusades The Crusades were a series of wars taking place in Asia Minor and the Levant between 1095 and 1291, in which Western European nations engaged using the propaganda of religious expeditionary wars. There was a total of NINE Crusades! First Crusade: 1095-1099, established the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, providing more lands for the crusading knights. Second Crusade:1147-1149,success of the Christians in the First Crusade had been largely due to the disunion among their enemies. Third Crusade: 1189-1192, Not many years after the Second Crusade, the Moslem world found in the famous Saladin a leader for a holy war against the Christians. Fourth Crusade:1202 – 1261 Fifth Crusade: 1215-1221, the Battle of al-Mansura Sixth Crusade:1222-1244,achieved some small measure of success Seventh, Eighth, And Ninth Crusasdes:1245-1300: Led by King Louis IX of France, the Seventh and Eighth Crusades were complete failures. In the Seventh Crusade Louis sailed to Egypt in 1248 and recaptured Damietta. In 1270 he set off on the Eighth Crusade, landing in North Africa in the hope of converting the sultan of Tunis to Christianity but died before he got far. King Edward I of England in 1271 who tried to join Louis in Tunis, the Ninth Crusade would fail in the end.
7 Major Religions Christianity Hinduism Islam Judaism Confucianism Buddhism Shinto ObinnnaEgbuna
Monotheistic • Christianity-Spread through missionaries and colonization of other countries. • Islam-Spread through people and trade within India after the prophet Mohammed's death. • Judaism-Judaism originated in the Middle East and has spread throughout all parts of the world because of both voluntary migrations and forced exile or expulsions. • Buddhism-Spread partially through government aid of the Chinese government in Asia but mainly through trade with middle east.
Polytheistic/Other • Confucianism-Did not exactly serve a god but moral was to honor those of higher authority. Spread through Confucius himself and partially through the government. • Hinduism-Hinduism is the major religion of India, and the vast majority of India's population today is Hindu, and it is a vast majority of religions mixed together. • Shintoism- Shintoism is considered a local religion located solely in Japan. However, the basis of this belief comes from main land Asia. Some consider Shintoism as a way of life instead of a religion, because there is no God, no set of rules in which to follow
The Rise of Islam • Islam spread quickly to become one of the world’s most popular religions • Remains so to this day • Muslim merchants played a crucial role in trade and cultural diffusion • 5 Pillars of Islam • Abbasid was a “Golden Age” for Islam • Court-life, literature, learning
Importance of Islam • Expansion into Sub-Saharan Africa, the Swahili Coast of East Africa, parts of Europe and Asia • Caliph: political and religious successor of Muhammad • Qu’ran • Islamic law known as Shari’a
ISLAM http://prezi.com/f2t4debqc1t5/ap-world-history-prezi-period-3-middle-east-southwest-asia-timeline/
Qin/Han Dynasty • Qin Dynasty- 221-206 B.C.E • leadership of Ying Zheng (Qin Shi Huang) • Feudalism was abandoned • Legalism- The main idea was to make a system that will make and culture ideal citizens who will subordinate their will to that of the state. • Han Dynasty- 207 B.C.E- 220 A.D • Confucian ideals of government was used • Intellectual, literary, and artistic endeavors revived and flourished • To ensure peace with non-Chinese local powers, the Han court developed a mutually beneficial "tributary system."
Ottoman Empire • 1299-1923 • Muslim empire • Peak at 1590 due to it’s expansion • Had a military administration and civil administration • Sultan was the highest position in the administration but really served as figure head once the janissaries began to manipulate his decisions • Islam major religion • Charged tax if a person belonged to any religion that wasn’t ISLAM • Had an agricultural based economy • Instead of focusing on industrializing focused more on expansion • Expansion is what gained them most of their wealth • independent actions (like always corrupted) • It didn’t industrialize at the pace of Western Europe which didn’t allow them to become economically stable
Cont’d • Decline factors • Major problems was brought upon the political system when the lots of people claimed caliphate when sultan died. • Advisors also were in charge of making decisions and often were corrupted • There was local rulers which sometimes took Old man of Europe • The ottoman empire completely ended during WWI when it allied itself with the Allies that lost the war. • After the Ottoman empire terminated the countries became independent.
Mongols The Mongols were central nomadic people that arose around 1200 BCE, they are said to be the world's largest empire. Their first leader was a man by the name of Chinggis Khan(Genghis) ,he helped to unite the Mongols and aided in the capturing/destruction of cites/civilizations. The Mongols are know for their skilled ability on horseback and for their vicious fighting methods and ability to capture major cities, as well as their aiding in establishing trading routes/methods. The Mongols hand crafted some of the many weapons that they used to defeat other cities Many years after the death of Chinggis Khan, his great-grandson Kubilai Khan defeated a Qin dynasty army but Kabul was interested in the Chinese empires and was constantly surrounded by either Buddhist, Daoist, or Confucian advisors. Therefore changing the Mongol empire onto the Yuan dynasty in China, this arose out of Kubilai’s fascination with Chinese empires but as the years continued on Song loyalist started revolting and due the new beliefs emphasized by Kubilai and his new religious beliefs the Yuan dynasty military was to weak to fight back. So eventually they were over thrown by the Ming dynasty therefore ending their long reign over China.
Trade Network/Diffusion • The Silk road- Know as one of the major trade that stretched across China and helped in trading silk along with other goods, along with the trading of goods the Silk road helped spread different languages/dialects and religions across China as well as diseases…Black Death • Royal road- Used by the Persian empire was a trade network that united the empire and delivered mail to other empires as well as being a trade route for the Persians. • Indian Ocean Trade- The trade network used between Africa and Asia, this trade network allowed the Asian people especially the Indians to trade goods with the Africans, allow African goods to come to the European/Indian land area, therefore creating a bases that would eventually include slave trade • Saharan Trade- African trade that included salts and helped to spread culture/religion throughout Africa • Sub-Saharan trade- Significant because it helped in the spreading of the Bantu language which is significant to African history
Spain Conquista of America Spain • How It began: Christopher Columbus (in 1492) was looking for a shorter route to get to India (India because they wanted to take part in the spice trade. Go cinnamon!) (Shorter route B/C of Galileo’s theory of Earth being round) and they hit the Americas! • Background Info! • He went and asked the kingdom of France and Britain—denied. • Queen Isabella And King Francis had just come out of a 800 year religious war with Muslims, Catholics, and Jews. Very Pro-Catholic! • Effects: Discovered the West Indies. Columbus started exploration in the Americas. • Other Explorers: • Hernan Cortes (1512) conquered the Aztecs. • Francisco Pizarro (1531) conquered the Inca. • How they did it: • Disease • Superior weapons • The Aztec thought Cortes was a god • Established cultural, economic, and social • imperialism • *REMEMBER TREATY OF TORDESILLAS -----
Renaissance • Time period 1350-1550 • Age of learning, literature, art and culture • Humanism- Encouraged people to be curious and to question received wisdom . • Questioned religious beliefs. • Turned of attention to scientific discoveries. (ex. Astronomy and Anatomy). • Humanist principles were applied to art work.
Colonization in Africa and Asia • Colonization in Africa pushed by three main factors: economic, political, and social. • European powers wanted control of the natural resourced produced in Africa like precious metals and even people. • 1885 Berlin Conference and the Scramble for Africa: • End of slavery in Africa “Commerce, Christianity, and Civilization” • South Africa = British vs. Boers settlers. • French in North Africa • Belgium = Congo • Newly formed political boundaries caused tribes to clash and a lot of native Africans lived and worked under harsh conditions. • China and Japan allowed minimal trade with the West so Europe began its sights on India • French-Indian War • British East India Company
Imperialism: 1850-1914 ;The desire or tendency of extending control of one country over another territory Ignoring the claims of African ethnic groups, kingdoms, and city-states, Europeans established colonial claims European nations expand their empires by seizing territories from Muslim states As the Mughal Empire declined, Britain seized almost the whole subcontinent of India Demand for Asian products drove Western imperialists to seek possession of Southeast Asian lands.
What is The French Revolution? • Between 1789 and 1802 France was wracked by a revolution which changed the government, administration, military and culture of the nation as well as plunging Europe into a series of wars. • France went from a largely feudal state under an absolutist monarch to a republic which executed the king and then to an empire under Napoleon Bonaparte.
Effects of the Revolution • In France the bourgeois and landowning classes emerged as the dominant power • The Revolution unified France and enhanced the power of the national state. • Feudalism was dead; social order and contractual relations were consolidated by the Code Napoléon
The Role of Women • 1500-1600: women assumed roles like cooking cleaning and educating children. • 1610-1635: roles expanded to more manual labor. • 1791: Declaration of Women’s rights. • 1805: women began to work in textile factories. • 1832: Unmarried women established their right to vote. • 1876: Specialized training schools opened up. • 1944: Women built weapons, vehicles, aircrafts, and ships in WWII
Decolonization • Decolonization- The process of becoming free of colonial status and achieving statehood or independence. • Between WWI and WWII, movements for independence began in Africa and Asia. • National self-determination-fight for independence. • Europe’s power was destroyed by WWII. • 1947-1962 – Virtually every colony achieved independence. • Independence movements led by western educated elites. • Great Britain and France could no longer afford colonies, but still wanted to keep trade after independence. • Few professionals/skilled people to run the gov’t – resulted in national identity issues. • Kwame Nkrumah • Egypt became independent in 1952 • Formation of National African Congress in 1912 • White minority had more power over black majority – created a system of segregation known as apartheid. • Most black nations gained independence in the late 1950’s and 1960’s. Africa South Africa
Decolonization Latin America If the Americans,French, and Hatians can get freedom then so can I! There had been unsuccessful revolts in Latin America two and three hundred years but these revolutions. BUT in the 19th Century Europe was craycray because of the vertically challenged Napoleon. *1 This distracted Europe from its American holdings. *1 Napoleon was actually above average height, the short rumors was started by England and America. They are historically very messy.
Decolonization in Middle East • 1917: Balfour Declaration • 1922: Britain receives League of Nations mandate for Palestine • 1936-1939: Arab uprisings in Palestine • 1948: Partition of Palestine and First Arab-Israeli War • 1952: King Farouk is overthrown in Egypt • 1956: Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal • 1958: United Arab Republic is formed • 1964: The Palestine Liberation Organization is formed.
