The Difference Between a Riot and a Revolution is an Engineer

1. The Difference Between a Riot and a Revolutionis an Engineer Designing for Security in the Age of Terrorism Patrick D. Krolak, DSc Prof. Emeritus CS, U Mass Lowell Faculty Fellow US DOT Volpe Center Richard D. Wright, National Expert Traffic & Information Management US DOT Volpe Center

2. A Rioter • Gets mad and runs with the mob.

3. An Engineer • Brings a scientific approach • Understands design goals, constraints, and resources • Uses analysis and testing to plan and carry out a design that minimizes risk and/or maximizes reward • Access to detailed technical knowledge

4. US is waging war on terrorism • Asymmetric • The aggressor: • Few in numbers, • Limited in wealth and resources, • But uses an engineer’s tools to enable a battle with a large powerful nation with vast resources and technology • Picks time and place of attack • Aggressor needs to win once. • The Nation must: • Defend everywhere, • Win all the time, and • Preserve the quality of life.

5. Designing a Civilian Response Center • Terrorism not the only issue. • A response center that must address multi-levels and multiple agencies of government has special problems. • To successfully respond to terrorism and disaster -- C4I: • Collaboration, • Coordination, • Communication, • Computer aided decision support system, and an • Intelligence and knowledge base enterprise network.

6. Recent Problems Requiring Large Scale Response • 9/11 • California Forest Fires • The black out of the East Coast and Midwest. • Hurricanes Katrina & Rita • Response • Recovery • Avian Influenza & Pandemics

7. Common Responder Problems • Difficulty in Collaboration – “I’ll be damned if I’ll let him do my job!” • Difficulty in Coordination – “What the hell’s going on? What IS my job?” • Incompatible channels of communications and • Failure to appreciate engineering principles

8. Integrated Decision Management System (IDMS) -- C4I • Emergency Response Center for • All levels of government with • Emphasis on transportation issues. • Designed for daily use as well as major disasters • Must provide operations, planning, and training.

9. IDMS Operates at Every Level Likely Number of TSSD Centers 2 X National 9 X Regional 50 X State 60 X Metro National Scale Data Pipeline Bio-defense & Disease Weather Maritime Highway Food & Drug Aviation HazMat Rail Data passed UP To fill gaps & Provide detail National Data passed DOWN To provide context & expertise Regional State Local Scale Data County/Metro Municipality Event Location & Extent Resource Availability & Deployment

10. Inspiration for IDMS • A collaboration between FAA Air Traffic Management, the Air lines, and other government agencies known as: • Enhanced Traffic Management System – Collaborative Decision-Making • ETMS/CDM

11. ETMS/CDM • Enterprise Information network ETMS that tracks every air plane in Northern Hemisphere • Meets via telephone conference every two hours and provides a consensus weather forecast and a plan of operation for the next 2-8 hours. • Uses a playbook (like in football) that allows the airlines and air traffic control to broadcast and implement a “Play” in minutes. • Allows Air Traffic Management to close US air space in less than an hour landing over 7000 planes in US and Canada

12. A Parallel Development • US Army Stryker Brigade for urban warfare • Fast armor on wheels • Enterprise level intelligence network • Common Situational display and uses 3-D graphics models of the urban area • Flattens the command structure and allows for more decision making by those on the scene.

13. The IDMS Proposed Dashboard User Interface (Vizrt)

14. Collaboration(Telepartner International)

15. Communication(Telepartner International)

16. Planning and Training(Entity Networks)

17. The LNG Tanker A Typical LNG Tanker is 950' Long - That's More Than 3 Football Fields

18. The LNG Tanker

19. Prof. James Fay’s Est. of LNG Fire • Physical parameters of a typical LNG tanker spill – Single tank • Spill volume 14,300 cubic meters = 3.8 million gal. • Fire duration -- 3.3 minutes • Maximum pool area --180,000 square meters = 44 acres • Maximum pool radius -- 340 meters = 1115 feet • Average heat release rate --1,500,000 megawatts • Distance to average heat flux of 5 kilowatts per square meter1100 meters = 3600 feet

20. LNG Example (Volpe Center & SGI)

21. Computer Aided Decision Support 3-D Virtual Boston Models of over 12K buildings (TerraSim.com)

22. Sophisticated models • Naval Research Labs – CT Analyst Plume CFD model • Volpe – Crash Worthiness Models • Volpe RR and Subway models • Assorted fire, blast, and plume models

23. Geographic Information Systems(GIS) Geo-Spatial data • MassGIS • Boston Redevelopment Authority • Metro Area Planning Council • New York City Office of Emergency Management • US DOT Volpe Center • Oak Ridge National Laboratory

24. Coordination Inputs • Live tracking: • Air traffic, • Marine, • Land – Roadway/Rail/Other • Traffic sensors & Environmental sensors • Video • Traffic Cameras, and • Security Cameras

25. Volpe & Silicon Graphics Inc • Cooperative Research And Development Agreement (CRADA) • R. Wright Volpe CRADA Mgr and National Expert • J. Meister SGI CRADA Mgr. • SGI supplied super computer hdw --2 ONYX Graphics Eng., 2 Altix (16 p, 32p), 3 TB of mass storage, and a 3300W display – Later, SGI Prism • SGI Prof Services supplied early graphics support and development.

26. Conclusion • To counter asymmetric threat whether natural or terrorist • Must Provide Responders with best technology integrating • Broad Sensor & Intelligence • Data Warehouse/Clearinghouse • Flexible, responsive User Interface • Communications • Sophisticated Simulation & Modeling • Must Plan, Train to Use Operationally Every Day • Must Inter-Operate at Every Level of Government 4 C I