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Emotion October 19 th , 2004

Emotion October 19 th , 2004. Brain Damage and Emotion Kluver-Bucy Syndrome Phineas Gage The case of SM Theories of Emotion Darwin James - Lang Cannon - Bard Fear Measuring Fear Facial expressions Fear in non-human animals Neural Circuits of Fear. Munch, 1893.

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Emotion October 19 th , 2004

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  1. EmotionOctober 19th, 2004 Brain Damage and Emotion Kluver-Bucy Syndrome Phineas Gage The case of SM Theories of Emotion Darwin James - Lang Cannon - Bard Fear Measuring Fear Facial expressions Fear in non-human animals Neural Circuits of Fear Munch, 1893

  2. EmotionKluver-Bucy Syndrome • Damage to the Medial Temporal Lobe produces: • Emotional Blunting: a flat affect and may not respond appropriately to stimuli. • Hyperphagia: extreme weight gain without a strictly monitored diet. There is a strong tendency for those with Kluver-Bucy to compulsively place inedible objects in their mouths. • Inappropriate Sexual Behavior: atypical sex behaviors, mounting inanimate objects. • Visual Agnosia: "psychic blindness," i. e. an inability to visually recognize objects.

  3. EmotionPhineas Gage Phineas Gage: From responsible, religious respectable and socially well-adapted man to an irreverent, profane and impulsive itinerant.

  4. EmotionSM SM: A life-long pattern of social and emotional inadequacy. SM 1 Control 0.9 0.8 Urbach-Wiethe Disease Mean Correlation with Normals 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 Disgusted Happy Afraid Angry Surprised

  5. Theories of Emotion • Darwin: • Observed….. • Innateness of emotional expression: • Expressions appear similarly in many lower animals • Expressions appear in very young children • Expressions appear identical in those born blind • Concluded….. • Expression of emotion evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal might do next. • If the signals provided by the behaviors enhance the animal’s ability to survive, they will be retained. • Opposite messages are revealed through opposite behaviors

  6. Theories of Emotion • James-Lange: • Emotional stimuli activate physiological reactions that are then interpreted as emotional experiences. • Cannon-Bard: • Emotional stimuli simultaneously activate physiological reactions emotional feelings. • Data…… • Injections of epinephrine do not produce emotional feelings……. • Individuals with no peripheral sensation experience emotion.

  7. Neutral Anger Disgust Fear Happy Sad Surprise Neutral EmotionFacial Expressions

  8. EmotionFacial Expressions Anger Happy

  9. EmotionFacial Expressions Happy Fear Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L., McInerney, S. C., Lee, M. B., & Jenike, M. A. (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. The Journal of Neuroscience, 18(1), 411-418.

  10. EmotionA theory of Amygdala Involvement in Fear

  11. Neutral Anger Disgust Fear Happy Sad Surprise Neutral EmotionFacial Expressions

  12. Neutral Anger Disgust Fear Happy Sad Surprise Neutral EmotionFacial Expressions

  13. Rodent D heart rate Decreased appetite Increased startle Defecation Decreased pain reactivity D motor activity EmotionFear Human Increase heart rate Decreased appetite Increased startle Increased motility Decreased pain reactivity Decrease motor activity Central State of Fear

  14. Auditory Stimulus Laboratory Procedures for Measuring Fear and Anxiety in Rodents Pavlovian Fear Conditioning D heart rate decreased salivation increased startle defecation hypoalgesia D Activity Central State of Fear & Shock

  15. Auditory Stimulus EmotionLaboratory Procedures for Measuring Fear Pavlovian Fear Conditioning D heart rate decreased salivation increased startle defecation hypoalgesia D Activity Central State of Fear

  16. Amygdala Lesion Untrained EmotionDamage to the Amygdala Interferes with Fear 4 2 0 -2 Mean % Change From Pre CS Baseline -4 Sham -6 -8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Five Trial Blocks Kapp, B. S., Frysinger, R. C., Gallagher, M., & Haselton, J. R. (1979). Amygdala central nucleus lesions: effect on heart rate conditioning in the rabbit. Physiology & Behavior, 23, 1109-1117.

  17. Measure of Fear Species Lesion Reference D heart rate rabbit electrolytic ACE Kapp et al (1979) rat electrolytic ACE Sananes et al (1989) rabbit electrolytic ACE /BLA Powell et al (1997) rat electrolytic ACE Young & Leaton (1996) Increased blood pressure rat excitotoxic ACE Iwata et al (1986) Decreased pain reactivity rat electrolytic ACE/BLA Helmsteter (1992) rat electrolytic ACE/BLA Watkins et al (1993) Increased startle rat electrolytic ACE Hitchcock & Davis (1987) rat excitotoxic BLA Sananes & Davis (1992) rat reversible ACE/BLA Kim et al (1993) rat excitotoxic ACE/BLA Campeau & Davis (1995) rat electrolytic ACE Falls & Davis (1995) mouse electrolytic BLA Heldt et al (2000) Freezing rat electrolytic ACE Blanchard & Blanchard (1972) rat electrolytic ACE LeDoux et al (1988) rat reversible Helmsteter (1992) rat electrolytic ACE Kim et al (1993) rat excitotoxic BLA Cousins & Otto (1998) rat excitotoxic BLA Maren (1998) mouse electrolytic BLA Desmendt et al (1998) EmotionAmygdala Damage Interferes with Conditioned Fear

  18. EmotionAmygdala Damage in Humans is Associated with Deficits in Conditioned Fear B. A. SM 2.5 Normal 2 1.5 SCR Magnitude 1 0.5 Urbach-Wiethe Disease 0 Habit. Cond. Test 1 Test 2 Bechara, A., Tranle, D., Damasio, H., Adolphs, R., Rocklan, C., & Damasio, A. R. (1995). Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocmapus in humans. Science, 269, 1115-1118.

  19. EmotionHuman Amygdala Activation in Fear Conditioning LaBar, K. S., Gatenby, J. C., Gore, J. C., LeDoux, J. E., & Phelps, E. A. (1998). Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear-acquisition and extinction: a mixed-trial fMRI study. Neuron, 20, 937-945.Bar, et al (1998). Neuron, 20, 937-945.

  20. EmotionPathways Mediating Conditioned Fear Ear Cortex Tectum Thalamus dMNV Amygdala PAG Auditory Stimulus BLA CE LA PnC Thalamus Cortex Shock US

  21. EmotionPathways Mediating Conditioned Fear

  22. The Amygdala, Facial Expression, & Racial Bias

  23. The Amygdala, Facial Expression, & Racial Bias

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