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END OF THE DYNASTIES (1839-1910) & THE CHINESE REPUBLIC (1911-1949)

END OF THE DYNASTIES (1839-1910) & THE CHINESE REPUBLIC (1911-1949). OPIUM WARS. Unequal Treaties - Tianjin. All of China opened to European trade And missionaries European powers demand “spheres of influence” where they dominate. Tai ping rebellion – 1851-1866 20 million dead.

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END OF THE DYNASTIES (1839-1910) & THE CHINESE REPUBLIC (1911-1949)

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  1. END OF THE DYNASTIES (1839-1910) & THE CHINESE REPUBLIC (1911-1949)

  2. OPIUM WARS

  3. Unequal Treaties - Tianjin • All of China opened to European trade • And missionaries • European powers demand “spheres of influence” where they dominate.

  4. Tai ping rebellion – 1851-186620 million dead • Hong Xiuquan claimed to be Jesus’ younger brother.

  5. Empress Cixi

  6. THE STONE BOAT

  7. BOXER REBELLION • Society of Harmonious Fists, dedicated to ending foreign influence. • European and American forces end rebellion in two months. • Empress suspected of supporting rebels.

  8. Dr. Sun Yat-sen • 1911 Revolution just “happens”

  9. Ideas of Sun Yat Sen • Dr. Sun is the father of the Chinese Revolution • Wrote 3 principles of the people: • nationalism, democracy, and livelihood • Educated in Hawaii

  10. Sun Yat Sen • Sun establishes the Kuomintang (KMT) • incorporated Communist Party (CCP) into the military (1923) • Turns over government to Yu’an shi chi, who acts as a dictator • Dr. Sun dies before fulfilling his dream of a united China‘

  11. Chiang Kai-shek rules China • takes leadership after Sun's death • expels CCP from the military • China lacked national unity • Communists were against Chiang

  12. WARLORD PROBLEM • Provincial warlords with their own armies complicate Chiang’s control of China • General Tso

  13. Japan invades-1931,1937 • Chiang fights Mao Zedong • Mao retreats towards Russia • Japan attacks China • Nationalists and Communists join forces • Japan defeated in WWII

  14. JAPANESE ATROCITIES • RAPE OF NANJING

  15. UNIT 731 • Cruel and barbaric medical experiments on Chinese prisoners and peasants • Developed germ warfare weapons • Doctors never punished

  16. Civil War in China • Nationalists and Communists fight each other again after World War II. • US supports Nationalists with billions of $$ • Communists win the war • Nationalists flee to Taiwan • At right, memorial to Chiang Kai-Shek in Taiwan • China considers Taiwan a “breakaway province,” U.S. considers it the legitimate government of China.

  17. Communist or “Red” China • Mao Zedong • B. 1893, son of a small farmer/prosperous peasant • One of China’s first Communists • Little Red Book of Sayings • Peasants = proletariat

  18. MAO’S PROGRAM • Anti-landlord campaign • “Five Anti-movement” • Full gender equality – marriage law, uniforms or “Mao suits” • Help out other Communists in Asia – North Korea • Institute full communism through Five Year Plans

  19. RESULTS • Anti-landlord campaign – up to one million dead • Collectivization leads to famine, up to ten million dead in 1957 • “Great Leap Forward” – backyard steel furnaces in hopes of quick industrialization – fails • “Cultural Revolution” – Basically a purge of anti-Mao people by fanatical young ‘Red Guards.’ • Period portayed in “To Live.”

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