China’s Trade Patterns and Policies 中国的贸易方式与政策

China’s Trade Patterns and Policies中国的贸易方式与政策中国浙江工商大学国际贸易教授、外事处副处长 Visiting Scholar: Wang Guo An (Andrew) 王国安电子邮件：tradelaw@hzcnc.com 电话:86-571-28877313 86-136-00516079 传真: 86-571-28877312 http://econet.zjgsu.edu.cn/andrew.wang 学校网址:www.zjgsu.edu.cn

Three Periods三个阶段 • 1949 Liberation解放以来-1978-Opening Up改革开放 • 1978 Opening Up改革开放以来-Dec. 2001 WTO Entry中国加入世界贸易组织 • Dec. 2001 WTO Entry入世以来-Present现在

I.1949-1978解放以来到改革开放 Liberation-Opening Up Trade with the former USSR and other socialist countries与前苏联和其他社会主义国家进行贸易往来

II. 1978- WTO Entry (Dec.11, 2001)改革开放以来到加入世界贸易组织 • Encouraging Exports and Limiting Imports on the basis of theories of A. Hamilton (American) and F. List (German).鼓励出口，限制进口

Encouraging Exports鼓励出口 • Return the paid value-added taxes to exporters出口退税 • Export subsidies出口补贴 • Export credit出口信贷: suppliers’ credit卖方信贷, buyers’ credit买方信贷 • Export Credit Guarantee System出口信用担保体系 • Administrative institutions and related measures and organs促进出口的行政机构、措施和部门: Chinese Export Commodities Fair （http://www.cantonfair.org.cn/en/)广交会, CCPIT of the Ministry of Commerce贸促会, Commercial Councilor in the Chinese Embassy中国驻外使馆商务参赞, Associations行业协会.

Free Port自由港: Hong Kong香港 • Special Economic Zones经济特区: Shenzhen深圳, Zhuhai朱海, Shantou汕头, Xiamen厦门 and Hainan海南, Shanghai Pudong上海埔东, Ningbo宁波, Dalian大连….. • Free Trade Zone保税区: Ningbo宁波 • Export Processing Zone出口加工贸易区

Limiting Imports限制进口 • Protective tariffs保护关税 • Import licenses进口许可证 • Foreign exchange administration/ control外汇管制

Export control出口管制 1、export License出口许可证 2、military materials军事物资, 3、advanced technology先进的科技产品, 4、cultural relics文物古董， 5、Rare animals珍稀动物….

Foreign Direct Investment外商直接投资 • Foreign direct investment in China外商在华直接投资: the biggest recipient of FDI among the developing countries for the last 17 years中国连续17年是发展中国家中吸引外商直接投资最多的国家. • Number of the foreign-invested enterprises外商投资企业: 508,941 • Over 400 of 500 biggest transnational corporations invested in China and about 30 of them have established or moved their head-quarters to China国际上五百家最大的跨国公司中有四百多家在中国投资，其中有30多家在中国建立了总部或将总部移往了中国. • Contracted FDI合同外资: US$1096.608billion • Actually utilized FDI实际利用外资: US$562.101billion • 86% of FDI is in the east and southeast regions百分之八十六的外资集中在东南沿海地区

A. Forms of FDI外资的形式 • equity joint ventures (EJV)合资企业, • cooperative joint ventures (CJV)合作企业, • wholly foreign-owned enterprises (WFOE)独资企业, • joint development ventures合作开发企业, • other foreign investment其他形式：such as Build建造-Operate经营 –Transfer转让 (BOT).

B. Sources of FDIB. Sources of FDI外资来源地The 10 Major Investors in China by the end of 2003截止2003年底在华投资的主要十个国家或地区

C. Geographical Distribution of FDI外资在中国的地域分布 • FDI in China has been concentrated on the east and southeastern coast region中国外资主要集中在东南沿海地区, whereas FDI in the west and northwestern region has been insignificant在西部和西北部的外资比较少。

D. Functions of FDI外资的作用 • More than two decades China’s inward FDI has二十多年来外商在华直接投资 • a) offered over 23 million job opportunities and greatly relieved China of its unemployment给中国提供了两千三百多万个工作机会，大大缓解了中国的就业压力; • b) been one of the driving forces in China’s rapid economic development大大促进了中国经济的发展; • c) helped the transfer from other countries to China of advanced science and technical know-how, and introduced advanced managerial skills and expertise to China有助于国外的先进科学技术向中国转移，给中国带来了先进的管理理念和管理技术;

d) contributed significantly to the rapid development of foreign trade of China and to the increase of China’s revenues大大地促进了中国的外贸增长，增加中国的收入; • e) contributed to the development of China’s legal system and socialist market economic system有助于完善中国法律体制和市场经济体制; • f) sped up China’s economic integration into the global economy加速了中国经济融入全球经济的进程。

Foreign trade surplus value ： USD101.9 billion in 2005； USD177.47 billion 年2006 外贸顺差: 2005年1019亿美圆；2006年1774.7亿美圆) • Annual economic growth during the last 29 years： 9.3%。过去二十九年来年均经济增长9.3% • No. 3 trading power in the world，Export value amounted to USD762 billion in 2005 已经成为世界上第三大出口国，2005年出口额达6720亿美圆。

III. Dec. 12, 2001—the Present—the Future入世以来到现在直至未来 Fulfillments of and compliance with China’s commitments in the WTO agreements履行世界贸易组织的承诺和协议 Revised FDI Laws外商直接投资法的修改 • Foreign Exchange Balance外汇平衡问题 • First Priority in Purchases in China首先在中国采购的问题 • Export obligations出口义务的问题 • The production and operating plans生产经营计划的问题 • Potential Effects of China’s Revised FDI Laws外资法的修改可能产生的影响

China’s trade frictions with major trading partners中国与其主要贸易伙伴的贸易磨檫 • A. Foreign trade surplus value外贸顺差: USD101.9 billion（1019亿美圆） in 2005, USD177.47 billion （1774.7亿美圆) in 2006. Since 1997, The trade between China and the USA has grown at the rate of 12.5% every year and more than one quarter of the Chinese exports are sold to the USA. In the trade surplus with the USA, 60% of made –in-China products are made by the US companies in China. 1997年以来中美贸易每年以百分之十二点五的速度增长,出口美国的产品占中国出口的四分之一以上,与美国的贸易顺差当中的百分之六十产品是美国公司在中国制造的.

B. Antidumping duties against Chinese products对华产品的反倾销问题 • C. The exchange rate between the Chinese currency RMB yuan and other major currencies, such as US$ and Japanese yen.人民币与国际上的主要货币的汇率问题

China’s trade frictions with major trading partners中国与主要贸易伙伴的贸易磨檫 • D. Technical barriers to Chinese products对中国产品的技术贸易壁垒: health and sanitary regulation, packaging and labeling regulation， technical standards ISO9000-9004/GB/T19000国际标准化组织的标准 ISO14000: environment环境标准 ISO18000:safety 安全标准 QS (Quality Safety)食品安全标准: China’s from August 1, 2003, in strict conformity with the USA, EU and Japan.

China’s trade frictions with major trading partners中国与主要贸易伙伴的磨檫 • E. Special Safeguard measures 特别保障措施 • F. IPRs violations and protection 知识产权的侵权与保护 • G. SA 8000/Human rights 社会责任标准与人权

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China’s Trade Patterns and Policies 中国的贸易方式与政策