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The Secret of Life: DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DNA is the hereditary molecule responsible for controlling the activities of the cell and directing the production of proteins. Its structure consists of two twisted strands of nucleotides, forming a double helix. DNA replication ensures exact copies for cell division, and protein synthesis uses the sequence of nucleotides to assemble amino acids. Explore the fascinating world of DNA and its vital role in life.

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The Secret of Life: DNA, Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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  1. DNA The Secret of Life

  2. Deoxyribonucleic Acid • DNA is the molecule responsible for controlling the activities of the cell • It is the hereditary molecule • DNA directs the production of protein

  3. Structure of DNA • In 1953, Watson and Crick proposed that DNA is made of two chains of nucleotides held together by nitrogenous bases. • Watson and Crick also proposed that DNA is shaped like a long zipper that is twisted into a coil like a spring.

  4. Structure of DNA • Because DNA is composed of two strands twisted together, its shape is called double helix. • A double helix resembles a twisted ladder.

  5. Nucleotides • DNA is made up of subunits called nucleotides • Nucleotides consist of the backbone, which is made of sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate, as well as a nitrogenous base

  6. Nucleotide Nitrogen base Phosphate Sugar

  7. How Did DNA Get its Name? • Based on what you just learned, how do you think deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) got its name?

  8. Nucleotides • A nitrogenous base is a carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen. • In DNA, there are four possible nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Adenine (A)

  9. Nucleotide Sequence • The four nucleotides are represented by the first letter in their name • A – Adenine • G – Guanine • T – Thymine • C – Cytosine

  10. Nucleotide Sequence • In DNA, Adenine always pairs with Thymine • Cytosine always pairs with Guanine

  11. Nucleotides • Nucleotides stack on top of one another forming the double helix, or twisted ladder

  12. DNA Building • Click here to link to a DNA building activity online!

  13. Go Get It Moment! • When you hear “Move it!” you will have 30 seconds to come get one piece of paper with an A, G, T, or C on it. • Then find someone else in the room whose letter correctly matches with your nucleotide letter and stand by that person. • What are the questions? • “Move it!”

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  27. Go Get It Moment! • When you hear “Double Helix”, you will have 1 minute to make a classroom DNA strand by standing next to another pair of nucleotides • What questions are there? • “Double Helix”

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  44. DNA Replication • In order for cells to divide, DNA must be able to make exact copies of itself • This process is known as DNA Replication

  45. DNA Replication • DNA Replication occurs before mitosis and meiosis • Replication results in two identical DNA daughter strands from one mother strand

  46. Process of DNA Replication • The DNA strand is unzipped at the hydrogen bonds by an enzyme named helicase. • Nucleotides in the nucleus then find their corresponding nucleotides on each of the two open DNA strands and produce two new DNA double helixes.

  47. Link to DNA Replication Animation • Click here to see how DNA Replication works

  48. Protein Synthesis • The main job for DNA is to direct the production of protein • Protein makes tissues and organs and carries out the organism’s metabolism • Proteins are polymers (chains) of amino acids

  49. Protein Synthesis • The sequence of nucleotides in each gene contains information for assembling the string of amino acids that make up a single protein

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