Key Areas covered

1. Key Areas covered • The Doppler effect is observed in sound and light • The Doppler effect causes shifts in wavelengths of sound and light • The light from objects moving away from us is shifted to longer (more red) wavelengths • The redshift of a galaxy is the change in wavelength divided by the emitted wavelength • For slowly moving galaxies, redshift is the ratio of velocity of the galaxy to the velocity of light

2. What we will do today • Describe how the Doppler effect affects light • State what is meant by redshift • Carry out calculations on the above

3. Redshift

4. Spectroscopy of Stars - Wonders of the Universe: Stardust - BBC Two - YouTube

5. Background information • Astronomer Edwin Hubble noticed that light from distance galaxies was shifting towards the red end of the spectrum (ie its wavelength was increasing)

6. Background information • White light (light from galaxies and stars) is broken up into all the colours of the rainbow • RedOrange Yellow GreenBlue Indigo Violet • Longer λshorterλ • All the colours have different wavelengths

7. What is redshift? • Redshift (also known as Doppler shift) is how much the frequency of light from a far away object has moved toward the red end of the spectrum. • It is a measure of how much the ‘apparent’ wavelength of light has been increased (towards the red end of the spectrum). • It has the symbol Z and can be calculated using the following equation: • Z = λo – λrit canalso expressed as: Z = λo- 1 λr λr • λo = the wavelength observed • λr = the wavelength at rest

8. What is a blueshift? • When we use the equation for redshift, we can sometimes end up with a –ve value. • This means the object is moving closer to you and is said to be blueshifted. • Blueshift is a measure of how much the ‘apparent’ wavelength of light has been decreased (towards the blue part of the spectrum).

9. Redshift and velocity • We can also work out the redshift if we know the velocity that the body is moving at (for slow moving galaxies): • Z = v c

10. Wavelengths • With a redshift, moving away, the wavelength increases. • With a blueshift, moving towards, the wavelength decreases.

11. Special Relativity, Red-Shift and Blue-Shift

12. Example 1 • Light from a distant galaxy is found to contain the spectral lines of hydrogen. The light causing one of these lines has (an observed) measured wavelength of 466 nm. When the same line is observed (at rest) from a hydrogen source on Earth it has a wavelength of 434 nm. (a) Calculate the Doppler shift, z, for this galaxy. (b) Calculate the speed at which the galaxy is moving relative to the Earth. (c) In which direction, towards or away from the Earth, is the galaxy moving? (a) Z = λo – λr λr = 466 - 434 434 Z = 0.074

13. Example 1 • Z = v c 0.074 = v . 3 x 108 v = 2.21 x 107 ms-1 (c) Z is positive therefore galaxy is moving away

14. Example 2 • A distant star is travelling directly away from the Earth at a speed of 2·4 × 107 ms1. (a) Calculate the value of z for this star. • A hydrogen line in the spectrum of light from this star is measured to be 443 nm. Calculate the wavelength of this line when it observed from a hydrogen source on the Earth. (a) Z = v / c = 2.4 x 107 / 3 x 108 = 0.08 • Z = λo - 1 λr 0.08 = (443x10-9) – 1 λr 0.08 + 1 = (443x10-9) λr λr =(443x10-9) 0.08 + 1 λr = 410 x 10-9 m / 410 nm

15. Revised Higher 2013 A

16. Revised Higher 2014 Qu: 25(b)

17. Revised Higher 2014 Qu: 25(b)

18. Specimen Paper Qu: 6(a)

19. Solution

20. WATCH OUT!!!! • You have to be careful with the wording of some questions when deciding which wavelength is the observed and which is at rest.

21. Revised Higher 2012 • What is this question asking for? • It is actually asking for λo • The 450nm is emitted from the galaxy (therefore λr = 450nm) • By the time it reaches the Earth will have shifted.

22. Revised Higher 2012 • Z = v / c = 1.2x107 / 3x108 = 0.04 • Z = λo - 1 λr • 0.04 = λo - 1 450x10-9 1 + 0.04 = λo 450x10-9 λo= 1.04 x 450x10-9 λo = 468nm