John Kimball FaithAnn Heinsch Steve Running NTSG Univ. of Montana March 28, 2006

1. http://wale.unh.edu/ http://rims.unh.edu/data.shtml Arctic RIMS & WALE(Regional, Integrated Hydrological Monitoring System &Western Arctic Linkage Experiment) John Kimball FaithAnn Heinsch Steve Running NTSG Univ. of Montana March 28, 2006

2. http://wale.unh.edu/ http://rims.unh.edu/data.shtml Arctic RIMS & WALE(Regional, Integrated Hydrological Monitoring System &Western Arctic Linkage Experiment) Biome-BGC v.4.1.2 Inputs (25-km resolution): • Meteorology • NCEP, 1980-2002 • Elevation • GTOPO • Soils • FAO Soil Texture • Rooting Depth

3. Arctic RIMS & WALE(Regional, Integrated Hydrological Monitoring System &Western Arctic Linkage Experiment) Biome-BGC Land Covers: • C3 Grass • Deciduous Broadleaf Forest • Deciduous Needleleaf Forest • Boreal Evergreen Needleleaf Forest • Sedge (moist) Tundra • Tussock (dry) Tundra)

4. Biome-BGC Tundra Ecophysiology

5. Wetland-BGC • Has a 2-layer soil model: • Unsaturated & saturated layers • Dynamic changes (3 cases) • No saturation of rooting depth • Partial saturation of rooting depth • Total saturation of rooting depth • Provides water from saturated layer using capillary rise function from latest version of RHESSys (based on principles of hydraulic conductivity & depth to saturation) • At present, only affects carbon pools

6. 2000 2001 C source (+) C source (+) C sink (-) C sink (-) NEE: Biome-BGC vs. Tower, Barrow, AK

7. Wet Sedge Tundra: Barrow, AK, 1995Varying Groundwater Depth (gwd)

8. NPP and Soil Carbon, Barrow Tower

9. Barrow Atqasuk C source (+) C source (+) C sink (-) C sink (-) Biome-BGC Results

10. Conclusions • Spatial and temporal patterns of tundra NEE and component photosynthetic and respiration processes are strongly regulated by soil moisture. • Interannual variability in vegetation productivity and net C exchange is on the order of 99% (15.9 gC m-2 y-1) and 19% (37.3 gC m-2 y-1), respectively. • Soil heterotrophic respiration is a large component of pan-Arctic NEE. • Moderate decreases in groundwater depth promote soil decomposition and respiration during the growing season, but increased respiration is partially offset by increased vegetation productivity. • The tundra carbon cycle response to climate change appears to be non-linear and strongly coupled to surface hydrology and nitrogen availability.

12. AMSRE 6.9 GHz Land Surface Temperature (LUT) on May 25, 2003 Land surface temperature derived using AMSR-E 6.9 GHz H and V Polarization. We also have compared the differences among different approaches and channels and MODIS Aqua LST, The atmospheric effect, in emissivity vary differently depending on the channels. In the arctic environment, the upper layers of soil are frozen, and the thermal inertia of below-ground (permafrost) effect develops low soil temperature. Our model produces reliable soil temperature using microwave data. AMSR-E 6.9 and 36.6 GHz channels are sensitive to temperature change.

13. Soil temperature comparison at Barrow for 2003 (Fily approach, AMSRE 6.9 GHz, 8-day average)

14. AMSR-E Maximum Soil Moisture during 2002-04 Daily surface moisture and surface temperature derived from satellite microwave remote sensing are used as the primary controls to Rh. The map shows maximum surface moisture during 2002–04 for the pan-Arctic domain, as derived from AMSR-E L3 daily C- and X-band data.

15. Comparative carbon source/sink among the model estimated using MODIS and AMSR-E data, Northern Black Spruce Ameriflux tower site-observed data and BIOME-BGC model calculated using local meteorology data for 2003.

16. SSM/I-derived timing of spring thaw and annual C cycle anomalies (1988–2001) depicted by the regional ecosystem process model (Biome-BGC) simulations of NEE for Alaska.

17. Biome-BGC Model Derived Daily NEE June 26, 2003 The microwave derived surface temperature and soil moisture used to estimate NEE at the boreal-Arctic region and validated using flux tower sites and RIIMS 25km meteorology. The map shows pan-Arctic daily NEE on June 26, 2003.