1 / 72

The Moon

The Moon. Facts:. Called Luna by the Romans Selene and Artemis by the Greeks 2nd brightest object in sky after the Sun. Orbits around Earth once per month. The angle between the Earth, Moon and Sun changes; We see this as the Moon's phases. Phases.

harken
Download Presentation

The Moon

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The Moon

  2. Facts: • Called Luna by the Romans • Selene and Artemis by the Greeks • 2nd brightest object in sky after the Sun. • Orbits around Earth once per month. • The angle between the Earth, Moon and Sun changes; • We see this as the Moon's phases.

  3. Phases • New Moon to New Moon is 29.5 days (709 hours), • Different than the sidereal orbital period of 27.3 days (measured against the stars).

  4. A Terrestrial Planet? • Due to its size and composition; • sometimes classified as a terrestrial "planet" along with • Mercury, • Venus, • Earth, & • Mars.

  5. Spacecraft • First visited by the Soviet spacecraft Luna 2 in 1959. • Only extraterrestrial body visited by humans. • First landing was on July 20, 1969. • Last was in December 1972. • The first of two bodies in which samples have been returned to Earth. • Other being from comet Wild 2, Collected 2004 - Returned 2006.

  6. The Luna Probe

  7. Luna Missions • Luna 1 1/2/59 Lunar flyby Passed over the Moon at 5000-6000 kilometers on 1/4/59 • Luna 2 9/12/59 Lunar landing Impacted Moon 9/13/59 at 22:02:04 UT Palus Putredinis, 29.10°N lat., 0.0° long. • Luna 3 10/4/59 Lunar flyby Photographed the farside of the Moon on 10/7/59 • Luna 9 1/31/66 Lunar landing Landed on Moon 2/3/66 at 18:44:52 UT Oceanus Procellarum, 7.08°N lat., 295.63°E long. • Luna 10 3/31/66 Lunar orbiter Entered lunar orbit on 4/3/66 • Luna 11 8/24/66 Lunar orbiter Entered lunar orbit on 8/28/66 • Luna 12 10/22/66 Lunar orbiter Entered lunar orbit on 10/25/66 and returned images • Luna 13 12/21/66 Lunar landing Landed on Moon 12/24/66 at 18:01:00 UT Oceanus Procellarum, 18.87°N lat., 297.95°E long. • Luna 14 4/7/68 Lunar orbiter Entered lunar orbit on 4/10/68 Luna 14 • Luna 15 7/13/69 Lunar lander Crashed on Moon 7/21/69 at 15:51 UT Mare Crisium,17°N lat., 60°W long. Believed to have been an attempted sample-return mission, similar to Luna 16, 20, and 24

  8. Luna Missions • Luna 16 9/12/70 Lunar sample return Landed on Moon 9/20/70 at 05:18:00 UT Mare Fecunditatis, 0.68°S lat., 56.30°E long • Luna 17 11/10/70 Lunar lander Landed on Moon 11/17/70 at 03:47:00 UT Mare Imbrium, 38.28°N lat., 325.00°E long. Lunar Rover - Lunokhod 1 • Luna 19 9/28/71 Lunar orbiter Entered lunar orbit on 10/3/71 and returned images • Luna 20 2/14/72 Lunar landing Landed on Moon 2/21/72 at 19:19:00 UT Mare Fecunditatis, 3.57°N lat., 56.50°E long. Lunar sample return to Earth 2/25/72 • Luna 21 1/8/73 Lunar landing Landed on Moon 1/15/73 at 23:35:00 UT Mare Serenitatis, 25.51°N lat., 30.38°E long. Lunar Rover - Lunokhod 2 • Luna 22 6/2/74 Lunar orbiter Entered lunar orbit around 6/3/74 and returned images • Luna 24 8/14/76 Lunar sample return Landed on Moon 8/18/76 at 02:00:00 UT Mare Crisium, 12.25°N lat., 62.20°E long.

  9. Lunar transfer orbits. (NASA) Spacecraft modules: CM, command module; CSM, command-service module; LM, lunar module; SM, service module; S-IVB, Saturn IVB.

  10. Apollo 1 Saturn IB • Grissom, White, Chaffee • No LM • February 21, 1967 (Planned) • Unlaunched - On January 27, 1967 Gus Grissom, Edward White, and Roger Chaffee were killed when a fire erupted in their Apollo spacecraft during a test on the launch pad.

  11. Apollo 7 Saturn IB • Schirra, Eisele, Cunningham • No LM • October 11, 1968 15:02 GMT • 10d 20h 09m 03s • First manned Apollo flight, first manned flight of the Saturn IB.

  12. Apollo 8 Saturn V • Borman, Lovell, Anders • No LM • December 21, 1968 12:51 GMT • 06d 03h 00m 42s • First manned flight around the Moon, • first manned flight of the Saturn V.

  13. Apollo 9 Saturn V • McDivitt, Scott, Schweickart • LM - Gumdrop Spider • March 3, 1969 16:00 GMT • 10d 01h 00m 54s • First manned flight of the Lunar Module.

  14. Apollo 10 Saturn V • Stafford, Young, Cernan • CM - Charlie Brown • LM - Snoopy • May 18, 1969 16:49 GMT • 08d 00h 03m 23s • First manned flight of the Lunar Module around the Moon.

  15. Apollo 11 Saturn V • Armstrong, Collins, Aldrin • CM - Columbia • LM - Eagle • July 16, 1969 13:32 GMT • 08d 03h 18m 35s • First manned landing on the Moon, July 20.

  16. Apollo 12 Saturn V • Conrad, Gordon, Bean • CM - Yankee Clipper • LM - Intrepid • November 14, 1969 16:22 • GMT 10d 04h 36m 24s • First precise manned landing on the Moon. • Recovered part of Surveyor 3 probe.

  17. Apollo 13 Saturn V • Lovell, Swigert, Haise • CM - Odyssey • LM - Aquarius • April 11, 1970 19:13 GMT • 05d 22h 54m 41s • Oxygen tank exploded en route, forcing cancellation of landing. • First (to date) manned non-orbital lunar flight.

  18. Apollo 14 Saturn V • Shepard, Roosa, Mitchell • CM - Kitty Hawk • LM - Antares January 31, 1971 21:03 GMT • 09d 00h 01m 58s • Alan Shepard, the sole astronaut of the Mercury MR-3 mission - and thus the first American in space - walks (and plays golf) on the Moon.

  19. Apollo 15 Saturn V • Scott, Worden, Irwin • CM - Endeavour • LM - Falcon • July 26, 1971 13:34 GMT • 12d 07h 11m 53s • First mission with the Lunar Rover vehicle.

  20. Apollo 16 Saturn V • Young, Mattingly, Duke • CM - Casper • LM - Orion • April 16, 1972 17:54 • GMT 11d 01h 51m 05s • First landing in the lunar highlands.

  21. Apollo 17 Saturn V • Cernan, Evans, Schmitt • CM - America • LM - Challenger • December 7, 1972 05:33 GMT • 12d 13h 51m 59s • Final Apollo lunar mission, first night launch, only mission with a professional geologist.

  22. Spacecraft • 1994 - very extensively mapped by the spacecraft Clementine • 1999 – again by Lunar Prospector. • 2007 – Lunar Reconnaissance Observer • 2013 – LADEE (Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer)

  23. Why the Same side Towards Earth? • Tides slowing of Earth's rotation by 2 milliseconds/century. • This reduces the energy associated with the Moon’s orbit. • It then raises the Moon into a higher orbit by about 3.8 centimeters per year.

  24. Tidal Lock • Eventually, the Earth's rotation will be slowed to match the Moon's period. • As is the case with Pluto and Charon.

  25. Librations • The Moon appears to wobble a bit (due to its slightly non-circular orbit). • A few degrees of the far side can be seen. • The majority of the far side was completely unknown until the Soviet spacecraft Luna 3 photographed it in 1959.

  26. How much of the moon can be observed from Earth? • About 65% ????? • Librations help tilt Moon a bit • Different observing locations on Earth (North - South) • Different time observed (East - West motion of observing location) • Inclination of Moon’s orbit. Sometime we observe from below, sometimes from above.

  27. The Dark Side • There is no "dark side" of the Moon • All parts of the Moon get sunlight half the time... • except for a few deep craters near the poles.

  28. Water? • Clementine suggested that there may be water ice in some deep craters near the Moon's south pole which are permanently shaded. • Reinforced by the Lunar Prospector. • There is apparently ice at the north pole as well.

  29. Moon Interior - Crust • Averages 68 km thick • Varies from essentially 0 km under Mare Crisiumto 107 km near the crater Korolev on the lunar far side.

More Related