Alexander Brandl

1. ERHS 561 • Emergency Response Alexander Brandl • Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences

2. Emergency • IAEA definition • non-routine situation or event • necessitates prompt action • to mitigate a hazard or adverse consequences • for human health and safety, quality of life, property, or the environment • nuclear and radiological • includes mitigation of effects of a perceived hazard

3. Preparedness / Response • Emergency preparedness • capability to take actions • will effectively mitigate the consequences of an emergency • Emergency response • performance of actions • mitigate the consequences of an emergency • basis for resumption of normal social and economic activity • Emergency plan • objectives, policy, and concept of operations for emergency response • structure, authorities, and responsibilities for a systematic, coordinated, and effective response

4. Preparedness Goals • Emergency preparedness • helps to build confidence that emergency response • managed • controlled • coordinated effectively • Goals • ensure arrangements are in place • response to be timely, managed, controlled, coordinated, and effective • local, regional, national, and international

5. Response Goals • Goals • regain control of the situation • prevent or mitigate consequences at the scene • prevent deterministic health effects • first aid and treatment of radiation injuries • prevent, to the extent practicable, stochastic health effects in the population • prevent, to the extent practicable, non-radiological effects on individuals or in the population • protect, to the extent practicable, property and environment • prepare, to the extent practicable, resumption of normal social and economic activity

6. Organizations • National coordinating authority • responsibility for coordination • nuclear or radiological and conventional response • Response organizations • implementation of coordinated arrangements • Regulatory body • oversight for implementation of coordinated arrangements at the operator

7. Timely Response • Emergency situation • time is short • decision making • implementing an effective strategy for response • management system • pre-arranged • tested • compatible

8. Threat Assessment • Safety analysis • identify all sources of exposure • evaluate radiation doses that could be received by workers and the public • potential effects on the environment • examine event sequences that could lead to emergencies • basis for emergency preparedness and response

9. Emergency Scenarios • Types of event associated with radiological emergencies

10. Emergency Classification • International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) • tool for communication to the public

11. INES • Levels 0 - 3

12. INES (II) • Levels 4 - 7

13. Incidents • Examples at nuclear facilities

14. Accidents • Examples at nuclear facilities

15. Incidents (II) • Examples with radiological sources

16. Accidents (II) • Examples with radiological sources

17. Functional Requirements • On-site emergency response prompt and without impairing continuing operational safety functions • Off-site emergency response effectively managed and coordinated with on-site response • Coordination between all responding organizations • Information necessary for decision making appraised throughout the emergency

18. Command and Control • Arrangement for command and control system • coordination of activities • development of strategies • resolution of disputes • between response organizations • functions • responsibilities • authorities • allocation of resources • priorities • information regarding resource needs

19. Notification • Operator • identification of emergency class • notification of off-site notification point • Off-site notification point • off-site response organizations • Chain of Command • county, state, national organizations • international notification • IAEA

20. Intervention • Urgent protective actions • pre-set intervention levels • individual or collective dose to be averted • radiological and non-radiological health risks • financial and social costs and benefits associated with interventions • First responders • immediate threat to life • no delay of actions to save human life or prevent serious injury • Off-site emergency zones

21. Intervention (II) • Areas established for first responders

22. Intervention (III) • Intervention actions • protection of emergency workers • alerting permanent, transient, and special population groups • urgent protective actions • shelter • evacuation • prophylactic medication • protection of water and food supplies • restrictions on farming, ranching, self-supply • traffic control: air, water, road, and rail

23. Emergency Plan • Allocation of responsibilities • Identification of the various operating and other conditions which could require intervention • Intervention levels, for the relevant protective actions • Procedures and lines of communication with response organizations (fire fighting, medical, police, regulatory authorities, etc.) • Description of methodology and instrumentation for assessing consequences • Description of public information arrangements • Criteria for terminating protective actions

24. Emergency Plan (II) • Suggested radius for inner cordoned area

25. Logistics • Emergency conditions • items and facilities to be operational under the postulated conditions • tools, instruments • supplies • equipment • communication systems • facilities • documentation (procedures, check lists, telephone numbers, manuals)

26. Exercises • Identification of necessities • knowledge • skills • abilities • Requisition • personnel • equipment • Training, drills, exercises • refresher training • participation • performance evaluation

27. Operation • Initial response organization

28. Operation (II) • Response organization

29. Operation (III) • Personnel • incident commander • incident command post • staff organization (S1 - S6, G1 - G6) • liaison officers • field personnel • emergency response organizations • authorities • media and public communication • experts and specialists

30. Operation (IV) • Personnel (cont.) • command staff • S1: personnel • S2: incident information (“intelligence”) • S3: operational planning • S4: logistics (supplies, transport, etc.) • S5: communication • S6: electronic infrastructure (phones, computers, networks, etc.)