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Ecosystems

Ecosystems. Science Chapter 7. Lesson One. Why do adaptations very among species?—Lesson 1. Surviving in the Environment. Earth’s many species live in different environments. Each has a unique set of adaptations that helps it meet its needs.

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Ecosystems

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  1. Ecosystems Science Chapter 7

  2. Lesson One

  3. Why do adaptations very among species?—Lesson 1

  4. Surviving in the Environment • Earth’s many species live in different environments. • Each has a unique set of adaptations that helps it meet its needs.

  5. Can you think of a species that has different adaptations among its members?

  6. Structural Adaptations • Adaptations develop over many generations. • Adaptations help organisms • get energy • assist them in finding mates and reproducing • protect them against dangers in the environment

  7. Behaviors and Body Processes • Animal behaviors are adaptations that are just as important as structural adaptations. • Many behaviors are inherited traits. • Body processes are also adaptations that aid in survival.

  8. Species that cannot adapt to changes in their environment become extinct!

  9. Questions • What are three purposes of adaptations? • What purpose does the dormouse’s hibernation serve? Explain. • What are two things that might happen in the future if the grasses and seeds stopped growing in the mandrill’s environment?

  10. Lesson Two

  11. How do organisms get energy?

  12. Energy Flow in Ecosystems • All living things need energy to function. • Most organisms get energy either directly or indirectly from sunlight.

  13. Roles • Producers are organisms that make their own food. (plants) • Consumers get energy by eating other organisms. • Decomposers are organisms that get energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms. • Organisms that live without sunlight deep in the ocean get energy from bacteria.

  14. Food Webs • A food web shows how food chains in an ecosystem are connected. http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngexplorer/0309/quickflicks/

  15. Food Chains • In an ecosystem, energy travels from organism to organism. • A food chain shows a possible path of energy flow through an ecosystem.

  16. Questions • Why do living things need energy? • Explain how your body gets energy from eating a salad? • Earthworms get their energy by eating decaying organisms. Is the way they get energy similar to or different from tubeworms? Explain.

  17. Questions • What do food chains show? • If you were drawing a food chain to show a relationship between lettuce growing in a garden and a rabbit, where would you place the arrow? Why? • What is the connection between food chains and food webs?

  18. Energy Pyramid • Shows how energy moves through an ecosystem. • Only about 10% of an organism’s energy is passed from one level of a food chain to the next. • Organisms at the higher levels must eat many organisms from lower levels to get sufficient energy. • Harmful substances can also pass from organisms to organisms.

  19. Energy Pyramid

  20. Questions • What does an energy pyramid show that a food chain does not? • Is more energy available at the top or bottom of an energy pyramid? Why? • What happens at the end of a food chain if they can’t get enough food to supply their energy needs? http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/food/food_menu.html

  21. Lesson Three

  22. How do organisms compete for resources?

  23. Competition • Competition is the struggle among organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources. • Organisms with different needs can live together with little competition. • It occurs when organisms in an ecosystem have different needs. • Members of the same species • Even plants

  24. A predator is an animal that feeds on other animals. (prey) Both predators and prey have adaptations that help them survive. Increases and decreases in the number of predators affect the number of prey. Predators and Prey

  25. Predators Prey Adaptations

  26. Questions • Hawks are predators that have sharp claws and curved beaks. What kind of adaptations are these and how do you think hawks use them? • What is the relationship between the owl and rabbit? What makes you think so?

  27. Symbiosis • A close, long-term relationship between organisms that benefits at least one of the organisms. • Parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism are symbiotic relationships.

  28. Symbiotic Relationships Symbiosis

  29. Questions • Why would it be a bad idea for a parasite to kill its host? • The yucca moth takes pollen from one yucca plant to another plant, which enables pollination and fertilization. While it is there, the moth lays its eggs in the plant. When the eggs turn into larvae, they eat some of the plant’s seeds. What kind of relationship is this? Why?

  30. Lesson Four

  31. How do materials cycle through ecosystems?

  32. Recycling Matter • Important resources that organisms need continually recycle in nature. • Thanks to Earth’s cycles, organisms can use the same materials over and over. Nitrogen Cycle Carbon Cycle Water Cycle

  33. Nitrogen Cycle • One of the most important resources for all living things is nitrogen. • Nitrogen is a resource that is recycled. • The air is about 78%nitrogen, but most organisms need fixed nitrogen.

  34. Questions • What kind of nitrogen do organisms need? • What are the ways that nitrogen is fixed? • Timber wolves never eat plants. How do you think they get the nitrogen they need?

  35. Carbon Cycle • The most common element in all living things is carbon. • Carbon is cycled through ecosystems during the processes of decomposition, respiration, photosynthesis and burning.

  36. Water Cycle • The water cycle helps make water available to all parts in an ecosystem.

  37. Questions • What are three ways water gets into the air? • What role do decomposers play in the carbon cycle? • What facts support the statement, Water is constantly moving?

  38. Lesson Five

  39. How do ecosystems change?

  40. Natural Changes • Natural changes take place in ecosystems. • Changes may occur quickly or slowly. • Natural disasters cause ecosystems to change quickly. • Climate and organisms cause ecosystems to change slowly through succession.

  41. Questions • What are examples of things that cause slow changes in ecosystems? • What is one way a blizzard that drops two feet of snow might affect an ecosystem? • Do you think the statement Changes to an ecosystem are always harmful is true? Explain.

  42. Human Impacts • Human activities can also change the environment. • Some organisms living in the changing environment cannot adapt. http://www.pbs.org/americanfieldguide/teachers/landfills/landfills_sum.html# http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/saving/recycling/solidwaste/landfiller.html

  43. Human Activities Cause Effect Solutions

  44. Questions • How can animals be affected when land is cleared? • What are introduced species? • What are some similarities and differences between natural changes to ecosystems and changes caused by humans?

  45. Preventing Problems • The best way to solve problems related to ecosystems is to prevent them from happening. • Use resources wisely • Get informed

  46. Questions • What are some says you can become informed about saving ecosystems? • How did the oil spill in Alaska show that prevention is the best solution? • Explain the decision in the following situation: A family is cleaning up after a picnic. One child starts to throw away the plastic forks. The mother says, “No, we’ll take them home and wash them.”

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